Class 11: Physics Chapter 14 solutions. Complete Class 11 Physics Chapter 14 Notes.
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NCERT Solutions for 11th Class Physics: Chapter 14-Oscillations
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
Page No: 358
Excercises
14.1. Which of the following examples represent periodic motion?
(a) A swimmer completing one (return) trip from one bank of a river to the other and back.
(b) A freely suspended bar magnet displaced from its N-S direction and released.
(c) A hydrogen molecule rotating about its center of mass.
(d) An arrow released from a bow.
Answer
(a) The swimmer’s motion is not periodic. Though the motion of a swimmer is to and fro but will not have a definite period.
(b) The motion of a freely-suspended magnet, if displaced from its N-S direction and released, is periodic because the magnet oscillates about its position with a definite period of time.
(c) When a hydrogen molecule rotates about its centre of mass, it comes to the same position again and again after an equal interval of time. Such a motion is periodic.
(d) An arrow released from a bow moves only in the forward direction. It does not come backward. Hence, this motion is not a periodic.
14.2. Which of the following examples represent (nearly) simple harmonic motion and which represent periodic but not simple harmonic motion?
(a) the rotation of earth about its axis.
(b) motion of an oscillating mercury column in a U-tube.
(c) motion of a ball bearing inside a smooth curved bowl, when released from a point slightly above the lower most point.
(d) general vibrations of a polyatomic molecule about its equilibrium position.
Answer
(a) It is priodic but not simple harmonic motion because it is not to and fro about a fixed point.
(b) It is a simple harmonic motion because the mercury moves to and fro on the same path, about the fixed position, with a certain period of time.
(c) It is simple harmonic motion because the ball moves to and fro about the lowermost point of the bowl when released. Also, the ball comes back to its initial position in the same period of time, again and again.
(d) A polyatomic molecule has many natural frequencies of oscillation. Its vibration is the superposition of individual simple harmonic motions of a number of different molecules. Hence, it is not simple harmonic, but periodic.
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
14.3. Figure 14.27 depicts four x-t plots for linear motion of a particle. Which of the plots represent periodic motion? What is the period of motion (in case of periodic motion)?
Answer
(a) It is not a periodic motion. This represents a unidirectional, linear uniform motion. There is no repetition of motion in this case.
(b) In this case, the motion of the particle repeats itself after 2 s. Hence, it is a periodic motion, having a period of 2 s.
(c) It is not a periodic motion. This is because the particle repeats the motion in one position only. For a periodic motion, the entire motion of the particle must be repeated in equal intervals of time.
(d) In this case, the motion of the particle repeats itself after 2 s. Hence, it is a periodic motion, having a period of 2 s.
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
14.4. Which of the following functions of time represent (a) simple harmonic, (b) periodic but not simple harmonic, and (c) non-periodic motion? Give period for each case of periodic motion (ω is any positive constant):
(a) sin ωt – cos ωt
(b) sin3 ωt
(c) 3 cos (π/4 – 2ωt)
(d) cos ωt + cos 3ωt+ cos 5ωt
(e) exp (–ω2t2)
Answer
(a) SHM
The given function is:
sin ωt – cos ωt
This function represents SHM as it can be written in the form: a sin (ωt + Φ)
Its period is: 2π/ω
(b) Periodic but not SHM
The given function is:
sin3 ωt = 1/4 [3 sin ωt – sin3ωt]
The terms sin ωt and sin ωt individually represent simple harmonic motion (SHM). However, the superposition of two SHM is periodic and not simple harmonic.
Ites period is: 2π/ω
(c) SHM
The given function is:
This function represents simple harmonic motion because it can be written in the form: a cos (ωt + Φ)Its period is: 2π/2ω = π/ω
(d) Periodic, but not SHM
The given function is cosωt + cos3ωt + cos5ωt. Each individual cosine function represents SHM. However, the superposition of three simple harmonic motions is periodic, but not simple harmonic.
(e) Non-periodic motion
The given function exp(-ω2t2) is an exponential function. Exponential functions do not repeat themselves. Therefore, it is a non-periodic motion.
(f) The given function 1 + ωt + ω2t2 is non-periodic.
14.5. A particle is in linear simple harmonic motion between two points, A and B, 10 cm apart. Take the direction from A to B as the positive direction and give the signs of velocity, acceleration and force on the particle when it is
(a) at the end A,
(b) at the end B,
(c) at the mid-point of AB going towards A,
(d) at 2 cm away from B going towards A,
(e) at 3 cm away from A going towards B, and
(f) at 4 cm away from B going towards A.
Answer
From above figure, where A and B represent the two extreme positions of a SHM. FOr velocity, the direction from A to B is taken to b positive. The acceleration and the force, along AP are taken as positive and alsong Bp are taken as negative.
(a) At the end A, the particle executing SHM is momentarily at rest being its extreme position of motion. Therefore, its velocity is zero. Acceleration is positive becaue it is directed along AP, Force is also Positive since the force is directed along AP.
(b) At the end B, velocity is zero. Here, accleration and force are negative as they are directed along BP.
(c) At the mid point of AB going towards A, the particle is at its mean psoiton P, with a tendancy to move along PA. Hence, velocity is positive. Both accleration and force are zero.
(d) At 2 cm away from B going towards A, the particle is at Q, with a tendancy to move along QP, which is negative direction. Therefore, velocity, acceleration and force all are positive.
(e) At 3 sm away from A going towards B, the particle is at R, with a tendancy to move along RP, which is positive direction. Here, velocity, acceleration all are positive.
(f) At 4 cm away from A going towards A, the particles is at S, with a tendancy to move along SA, which is negative direction. Therefore, velocity is negative but acclereation is directed towards mean position, along SP. Hence it is positive and also force is positive similarly.
14.6. Which of the following relationships between the acceleration a and the displacement x of a particle involve simple harmonic motion?
(a) a = 0.7x
(b) a = –200x2
(c) a = –10x
(d) a = 100x3
Answer
In SHM, acceleration a is related to displacement by the relation of the form a = -kx, which is for relation (c).
14.7. The motion of a particle executing simple harmonic motion is described by the displacement function,
x (t) = A cos (ωt + φ).
If the initial (t = 0) position of the particle is 1 cm and its initial velocity is ω cm/s, what are its amplitude and initial phase angle? The angular frequency of the particle is π s–1. If instead of the cosine function, we choose the sine function to describe the SHM: x = B sin (ωt + α), what are the amplitude and initial phase of the particle with the above initial conditions.
Answer
Intially, at t = 0;
Displacement, x = 1 cm
Intial velocity, v = ω cm/ sec.
Angular frequency, ω = π rad/s–1
It is given that,
x(t) = A cos(ωt + Φ)
1 = A cos(ω × 0 + Φ) = A cos Φ
A cosΦ = 1 …(i)
Velocity, v= dx/dt
ω = –A ωsin(ωt + Φ)
1 = –A sin(ω × 0 + Φ) = –A sin Φ
A sin Φ = -1 …(ii)
Squaring and adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:
A2 (sin2 Φ + cos2Φ) = 1 + 1
A2 = 2
∴ A = √2 cm
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get:
tanΦ = -1
∴ Φ = 3π/4 , 7π/4,……
SHM is given as:
x = Bsin (ωt + α)
Putting the given values in this equation, we get:
1 = Bsin[ω × 0 + α] = 1 + 1
Bsin α = 1 …(iii)
Velocity, v = ωBcos (ωt + α)
Substituting the given values, we get:
π = πBsin α
Bsin α = 1 …(iv)
Squaring and adding equations (iii) and (iv), we get:
B2 [sin2 α + cos2 α] = 1 + 1
B2 = 2
∴ B = √2 cm
Dividing equation (iii) by equation (iv), we get:
Bsin α / Bcos α = 1/1
tan α = 1 = tan π/4
∴ α = π/4, 5π/4,……
14.8. A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to 50 kg. The length of the scale is 20 cm. A body suspended from this balance, when displaced and released, oscillates with a period of 0.6 s. What is the weight of the body?
Answer
Maximum mass that the scale can read, M = 50 kg
Maximum displacement of the spring = Length of the scale, l = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Time period, T = 0.6 s
Maximum force exerted on the spring, F = Mg
where,
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2
F = 50 × 9.8 = 490
∴ Spring constant, k = F/l = 490/0.2 = 2450 N m-1.
Mass m, is suspended from the balance.
∴Weight of the body = mg = 22.36 × 9.8 = 219.167 N
Hence, the weight of the body is about 219 N.
14.9. A spring having with a spring constant 1200 N m–1 is mounted on a horizontal table as shown in Fig. A mass of 3 kg is attached to the free end of the spring. The mass is then pulled sideways to a distance of 2.0 cm and released.
Determine (i) the frequency of oscillations, (ii) maximum acceleration of the mass, and (iii) the maximum speed of the mass.
Answer
Spring constant, k = 1200 N m–1
Mass, m = 3 kg
Displacement, A = 2.0 cm = 0.02 cm
(i) Frequency of oscillation v, is given by the relation:
Hence, the frequency of oscillations is 3.18 cycles per second.
(ii) Maximum acceleration (a) is given by the relation:
a = ω2 A
where,
Hence, the maximum acceleration of the mass is 8.0 m/s2.
(iii) Maximum velocity, vmax = Aω
Hence, the maximum velocity of the mass is 0.4 m/s.
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
14.10. In Exercise 14.9, let us take the position of mass when the spring is unstreched as x = 0, and the direction from left to right as the positive direction of x-axis. Give x as a function of time t for the oscillating mass if at the moment we start the stopwatch (t = 0), the mass is
(a) at the mean position,
(b) at the maximum stretched position, and
(c) at the maximum compressed position.
In what way do these functions for SHM differ from each other, in frequency, in amplitude or the initial phase?
Answer
Distance travelled by the mass sideways, a = 2.0 cm
Angular frequency of oscillation:
(a) As time is noted from the mean position, hence using
x = a sin ω t, we have x = 2 sin 20 t
(b) At maximum stretched position, the body is at the extreme right position, with an intial phase of π/2 rad. Then,
(c) At maximum compressed position, the body is at left position, with an intial phase of 3 π/2 rad. Then,
The functions neither differ in amplitude nor in frequency. They differ in intial phase.
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
Page No: 360
14.11. Figures 14.29 correspond to two circular motions. The radius of the circle, the period of revolution, the initial position, and the sense of revolution (i.e. clockwise or anti-clockwise) are indicated on each figure.
Obtain the corresponding simple harmonic motions of the x-projection of the radius vector of the revolving particle P, in each case.
Answer
(a) Time period, t = 2 s
Amplitude, A = 3 cm
At time, t = 0, the radius vector OP makes an angle π/2 with the positive x-axis,.e., phase angle Φ = +π/2
Therefore, the equation of simple harmonic motion for the x-projection of OP, at the time t, is given by the displacement equation:
(b) Time Period, t = 4 s
Amplitude, a = 2 m
At time t = 0, OP makes an angle π with the x-axis, in the anticlockwise direction, Hence, phase angle Φ = +π
Therefore, the equation of simple harmonic motion for the x-projection of OP, at the time t, is given as:
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
14.12. Plot the corresponding reference circle for each of the following simple harmonic motions. Indicate the initial (t = 0) position of the particle, the radius of the circle, and the angular speed of the rotating particle. For simplicity, the sense of rotation may be fixed to be anticlockwise in every case: (x is in cm and t is in s).
(a) x = –2 sin (3t + π/3)
(b) x = cos (π/6 – t)
(c) x = 3 sin (2πt + π/4)
(d) x = 2 cos πt
Answer
(a)
Amplitude, A = 2 cm
Phase angle, Φ = 5π/6 = 150°.
Angular velocity = ω = 2π/T = 3rad/sec.
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in fig. 10(a).
(b)
Amplitude, A = 1
Phase angle, Φ = -π/6 = -30°.
Angular velocity, ω = 2π/T = 1 rad/s.
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in fig. 10(b).
(c)
Amplitude, A = 3 cm
Phase angle, Φ = 3π/4 = 135°
Angular velocity, ω = 2π/T = 2 rad/s.
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in fig. 10(c).
(d)
Amplitude, A = 2 cm
Phase angle, Φ = 0
Angular velocity, ω = π rad/s.
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in fig. 10(d).
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
14.13. Figure 14.30 (a) shows a spring of force constant k clamped rigidly at one end and a mass m attached to its free end. A force F applied at the free end stretches the spring. Figure 14.30 (b) shows the same spring with both ends free and attached to a mass m at either end. Each end of the spring in Fig. 14.30(b) is stretched by the same force F.
(a) What is the maximum extension of the spring in the two cases?
(b) If the mass in Fig. (a) and the two masses in Fig. (b) are released, what is the period of oscillation in each case?
Answer
(a) The maximum extension of the spring in both cases will = Flk, where k is the spring constant of the springs used.
(b) In Fig.14.30(a) if x is the extension in the spring, when mass m is returning to its mean position after being released free, then restoring force on the mass iss F = –kx, i.e., F ∝ x
As, this F is directed towards mean position of the mass, hence the mass attached to the spring will execute SHM.
Spring factor = spring constant = k
inertia factor = mass of the given mass = m
As time period,
In Fig.14.30(b), we have a two body system of spring constant k and reduced mass, µ = m × m / m + m = m/2.
Inertia factor = m/2
Spring factor = k
Page No: 361
NCERT 11th Physics Chapter 14, class 11 Physics chapter 14 solutions
14.14. The piston in the cylinder head of a locomotive has a stroke (twice the amplitude) of 1.0 m. If the piston moves with simple harmonic motion with an angular frequency of 200 rad/min, what is its maximum speed?
Answer
Angular frequency of the piston, ω = 200 rad/ min.
Stroke = 1.0 m
Amplitude, A = 1.0/2 = 0.5 m
The maximum speed (vmax) of piston is given by the relation:
vmax = Aω = 200 × 0.5 = 100m/min.
14.15. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.7 ms–2. What is the time period of a simple pendulum on the surface of moon if its time period on the surface of earth is 3.5 s? (g on the surface of earth is 9.8 ms–2)
Answer
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon,g‘ = 1.7 m s–2
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth, g = 9.8 m s–2
Time period of a simple pendulum on earth, T = 3.5 s
Hence, the time period of the simple pendulum on the surface of moon is 8.4 s.
14. 16.
Answer:
(c) The wristwatch uses an electronic system or spring system to give the time, which does not change with acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, watch gives the correct time.
(d) During free fall of the cabin, the acceleration due to gravity is zero. Therefore, the frequency of oscillations is also zero i.e., the pendulum will not vibrate at all.
14. 17. A simple pendulum of length l and having a bob of mass M is suspended in a car. The car is moving on a circular track of radius R with a uniform speed v. If the pendulum makes small oscillations in a radial direction about its equilibrium position, what will be its time period?
Answer
In this case, the bob of the pendulum is under the action of two accelerations.
14. 18. A cylindrical piece of cork of density of base area A and height h floats in a liquid of density ρ1 . The cork is depressed slightly and then released. Show that the cork oscillates up and down simple harmonically with a period
where ρ is the density of cork. (Ignore damping due to viscosity of the liquid).
Answer
Question 14. 19. One end of a U-tube containing mercury is connected to a suction pump and the other end to the atmosphere.
A small pressure difference is maintained between the two columns. Show that, when the suction pump is removed, the column of mercury in the U-tube executes simple harmonic motion.
Answer
The suction pump creates the pressure difference, thus mercury rises in one limb of the U-tube. When it is removed, a net force acts on the liquid column due to the difference in levels of mercury in the two limbs and hence the liquid column executes S.H.M. which can be expressed as:
Consider the mercury contained in a vertical U-tube upto the level P and Q in its two limbs.
Let P = density of the mercury.
L = Total length of the mercury column in both the limbs.
A = internal cross-sectional area of U-tube. m = mass of mercury in U-tube = LAP.
Assume, the mercury be depressed in left limb to F by a small distance y, then it rises by the same amount in the right limb to position Q’.
.’. Difference in levels in the two limbs = P’ Q’ = 2y.
:. Volume of mercury contained in the column of length 2y = A X 2y
.•. m – A x 2y x ρ.
If W = weight of liquid contained in the column of length 2y.
Then W = mg = A x 2y x ρ x g
This weight produces the restoring force (F) which tends to bring back the mercury to its equilibrium position.
14. 20. An air chamber of volume V has a neck area of cross-section into which a ball of mass m just fits and can move up and down without any friction (Fig.). Shaw that when the ball is pressed down a little and released, it executes SHM. Obtain an expression for the time period of oscillations assuming pressure-volume variations of air to be isothermal.
Answer
Consider an air chamber of volume V with a long neck of uniform area of cross-section A, and a frictionless ball of mass m fitted smoothly in the neck at position C, Fig. The pressure of air below the ball inside the chamber is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Increase the pressure on the ball by a little amount p, so that the ball is depressed to position D, where CD = y.
There will be decrease in volume and hence increase in pressure of air inside the chamber. The decrease in volume of the air inside the chamber, ΔV = Ay
Note. If the ball oscillates in the neck of chamber under isothermal conditions, thru E = P = picture of air inside the chamber, when ball is at equilibrium position. If the ball oscillate in the neck of chamber under adiabatic conditions, then E = gP. where g = Cp/Cv.
14. 21. You are riding an automobile of mass 3000 kg. Assuming that you are examining the oscillation characteristics of its suspension system. The suspension sags 15 cm when the entire automobile is placed on it. Also, the amplitude of oscillation decreases by 50% during one complete oscillation. Estimate the values of (a) the spring constant k and (b) the damping constant b for the spring and shock absorber system of one wheel, assuming that each wheel supports 750 kg. g = 10 m/s2.
Answer
14. 22. Show that for a particle in linear SHM the average kinetic energy over a period of oscillation equals the average potential energy over the same period.
Answer
Let the particle executing SHM starts oscillating from its mean position. Then displacement equation is
14. 23. A circular disc, of mass 10 kg, is suspended by a wire attached to its centre. The wire is twisted by rotating the disc and released. The period of torsional oscillations of found to be 1.5 s. The radius of the disc is 15 cm. Determine the torsional spring constant of the wire. (Torsional spring constant) a is defined by the relation J = – αθ, where J is the restoring couple and θ the angle of twist).
Answer:
Question 14. 24. A body describes simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 5 cm and a period of 0.2 s. Find the acceleration and velocity of the body when the displacement is (a) 5 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 0 cm
Answer
14. 25. A mass attached to a spring is free to oscillate, with angular velocity w, in a horizontal plane without friction or damping. It is pulled to a distance x0 and pushed towards the centre with a velocity v0 at time t = 0. Determine the amplitude of the resulting oscillations in terms of the parameters w, x0 and v0.
Answer
NCERT Solutions for 11th Class Physics: Chapter 14: Download PDF
NCERT Solutions for 11th Class Physics: Chapter 14-Oscillations
Download PDF: NCERT Solutions for 11th Class Physics: Chapter 14-Oscillations PDF
Chapterwise NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics:
- Chapter 1-Physical World
- Chapter 2-Units and Measurements
- Chapter 3-Motion In A Straight Line
- Chapter 4-Motion In A Plane
- Chapter 5-Laws Of Motion
- Chapter 6-Work, Energy And Power
- Chapter 7-System Of Particles And Rotational Motion
- Chapter 8-Gravitation
- Chapter 9-Mechanical properties of Solids
- Chapter 10-Mechanical Properties of Fluids
- Chapter 11-Thermal Properties of Matter
- Chapter 12-Thermodynamics
- Chapter 13-Kinetic Theory
- Chapter 14-Oscillations
- Chapter 15-Waves
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