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Contents
- 1 HC Verma Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 16 Sound Wave
- 1.0.1 Page No 354:
- 1.0.2 Question 30:
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- 1.0.5 Question 35:
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- 1.0.7 Question 47:
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- 1.0.10 Question 55:
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- 1.0.12 Question 66:
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- 1.0.14 Question 68:
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- 1.0.17 Question 74:
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- 1.0.19 Question 88:
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- 2 Chapterwise HC Verma Solutions Class 11 Physics :
- 3 About the Author – HC Verma
HC Verma Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 16 Sound Wave
For such popular books, students can get extremely helpful practice material online. For all the questions in the HC Verma books, there are several sources where students can get detailed solutions and solve their doubts and queries.
Please note that these solutions are provided here for free.
Page No 354:
Question 30:
The two sources of sound, S1 and S2, emitting waves of equal wavelength 20.0 cm, are placed with a separation of 20.0 cm between them. A detector can be moved on a line parallel to S1 S2 and at a distance of 20.0 cm from it. Initially, the detector is equidistant from the two sources. Assuming that the waves emitted by the sources are in detector should be shifted to detect a minimum of sound.
Answer:
Given:
Wavelength of sound wave λ = 20 cm
Separation between the two sources AC = 20 cm
Distance of detector from source BD = 20 cm

If the detector is moved through a distance x, then the path difference of the sound waves from sources A and C reaching B is given by:
Path difference = AB
-BC
=
202+10+x2 – 202+10-x2 To hear the minimum, this path difference should be equal to:
2n+1λ2=
λ2= 10 cm
So,
202+10+x2-202+10-x2= 10
On solving, we get, x = 12.6 cm.
Hence, the detector should be shifted by a distance of 12.6 cm.
Page No 355:
Question 35:
Two sources of sound S1 and S2 vibrate at same frequency and are in phase. The intensity of sound detected at a point P as shown in the figure is I0. (a) If θ equals 45°, what will be the intensity of sound detected at this point if one of the sources is switched off? (b) What will be the answer of the previous part if θ = 60°?
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Resultant intensity at P = I0
The two sources of sound S1 and S2 vibrate with the same frequency and are in the same phase.
(a) When θ = 45°:
Path difference = S1P − S2P = 0
So, when the source is switched off, the intensity of sound at P is
I04.
(b) When θ = 60°, the path difference is also 0. Similarly, it can be proved that the intensity at P is
I04when the source is switched off.
Question 47:
Two successive resonance frequencies in an open organ pipe are 1944 Hz and 2592 Hz. Find the length of the tube. The speed of sound in air is 324 ms−1.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 324 ms−1
Let l be the length of the resonating column.
Then, the frequencies of the two successive resonances will be
(n+2)v4I and nv4I.
As per the question,
n+2v4l= 2592
nv4l= 1944
So,
(n+2)v4l-nv4I=2592-1944=648⇒2v4l=648⇒l=2×324×1004×648cm=25 cmHence, the length of the tube is 25 cm.
Page No 356:
Question 55:
A Kundt’s tube apparatus has a steel rod of length 1.0 m clamped at the centre. It is vibrated in its fundamental mode at a frequency of 2600 Hz. The lycopodium powder dispersed in the tube collects into heaps separated by 6.5 cm. Calculate the speed of sound in steel and in air.
Answer:
Given:
Length at which steel rod is clamped l =
12=0.5 mFundamental mode of frequency f = 2600 Hz
Distance between the two heaps
∆l = 6.5 cm =
6.5×10-2 mSince Kundt’s tube apparatus is a closed organ pipe, its fundamental frequency is given by:
f=vair4L⇒vair=f×2×∆L⇒vair=2600×2×6.5×10-2=338 m/s(b) vsteelvair=2×l∆l⇒vsteel =2l∆l×vair⇒ vsteel=2×0.5×3386.5×10-2⇒ vsteel=5200 m/s
Question 66:
A bat emitting an ultrasonic wave of frequency 4.5 × 104 Hz flies at a speed of 6 m s−1 between two parallel walls. Find the fractional heard by the bat and the beat frequencies heard by the bat and the beat frequency between the two. The speed of sound is 330 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of bat v = 6 ms−1
Frequency of ultrasonic wave f = 4.5 × 104 Hz
Velocity of bird
vs= 6 ms−1
Let us assume that the bat is flying between the walls X and Y.
Apparent frequency received by the wall Y is
f’=vv-vs×f0⇒f’=330330-6×4.5×104⇒f’=4.58×104 HzNow, the apparent frequency received by the bat after reflection from the wall Y is given by:
f”=v+vsv×fx⇒f”=330+6330×4.58×104⇒f”=4.66×104 HzFrequency of ultrasonic wave received by wall X:
n’=330330+6×4.5×104 =4.41×104 HzThe frequency of the ultrasonic wave received by the bat after reflection from the wall X is
n”=v-vsv×n’ =330-6330×4.41×104 =4.33×104 Hz Beat frequency heard by the bat is
=4.66×104-4.33×104=3300 Hz.
Question 68:
Two electric trains run at the same speed of 72 km h−1 along the same track and in the same direction with separation of 2.4 km between them. The two trains simultaneously sound brief whistles. A person is situated at a perpendicular distance of 500 m from the track and is equidistant from the two trains at the instant of the whistling. If both the whistles were at 500 Hz and the speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1, find the frequencies heard by the person.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Frequency of whistles
f0= 500 Hz
Speed of train
vs= 72 km/h =
72×518=20 m/sThe person will receive the sound in a direction that makes an angle θ with the track. The angle θ is given by:
θ=tan-10.52.4/2=22.62°The velocity of the source will be ‘v cos θ’ when heard by the observer.
So, the apparent frequency received by the man from train A is
f1=vv-vscosθ×f0⇒f1=340340-vscos 22.62°×500⇒f1=340340-20×cos 22.62°×500⇒f1=528.70 Hz ≈529 HzThe apparent frequency heard by the man from train B is
f2=vv+vcosθ×f0⇒f2=340340+20×cos 22.62°×500⇒f2=474.24 Hz ≈474 Hz
Page No 357:
Question 74:
A traffic policeman sounds a whistle to stop a car-driver approaching towards him. The car-driver does not stop and takes the plea in court that because of the Doppler shift, the frequency of the whistle reaching him might have gone beyond the audible limit of 25 kHz and he did not hear it. Experiments showed that the whistle emits a sound with frequency closed to 16 kHz. Assuming that the claim of the driver is true, how fast was he driving the car? Take the speed of sound in air to be 330 m s−1. Is this speed practical with today’s technology?
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of whistle
f0= 16 × 103 Hz
Apparent frequency
f= 20 × 103 Hz
(f is greater than that value)
Velocity of source
vs= 0
Let
v0be the velocity of the observer.
Apparent frequency
fis given by:
f=v+v0v-vsf0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
20×103=330+v0330-0×16×103⇒ 330+v0=20×33016⇒ v0=20×330-16×3304 =3304m/s=297 km/h(b) This speed is not practically attainable for ordinary cars.
Question 88:
A small source of sound S of frequency 500 Hz is attached to the end of a light string and is whirled in a vertical circle of radius 1.6 m. The string just remains tight when the source is at the highest point. (a) An observer is located in the same vertical plane at a large distance and at the same height as the centre of the circle. The speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1 and g = 10 m s−2. Find the maximum frequency heard by the observer. (b) An observer is situated at a large distance vertically above the centre of the circle. Find the frequency heard by the observer corresponding to the sound emitted by the source when it is at the same height as the centre.
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of sound emitted by the source
f0= 500 Hz
Velocity of sound in air v = 330 ms-1
Radius of the circle r = 1.6 m
Frequency of sound heard by the observer v, = ?
(a)
Velocity of source at highest point of the circle A is given by:
vs = rg=
10×1.6 = 4 m/sVelocity of sound at C is
vc=5rg=5×1.6×10 =8.9 m/sThe frequency of sound heard by the observer when the source is at point C:
fC=vv – vs×f0Substituting the values, we get:
fC=330330 – 8.9×500⇒ fC=513.85 Hz≈514 HzFrequency of sound observed by the observer when the source is at point A:
fA=vv+vs×n0 =300300+4×500=494 HzTherefore, maximum frequency heard by the observer is 514 Hz.
(b) Velocity at B is given by:
vB=3rg=3×1.6×10=6.92 m/s Frequency at B
fBwill be:
fB=vv+vs×f0 =330330+6.92×500=490 HzFrequency at D
fDwill be:
fD=vv-vs×f0 =330330-6.92×500=511 Hz
Page No 351:
Question 1:
If you are walking on the moon, can you hear the sound of stones cracking behind you? Can you hear the sound of your own footsteps?
Answer:
No, we cannot hear the sound of stones. Sound is a mechanical wave and requires a medium to travel; there is no medium on the moon.
No, we cannot hear the sound of our own footsteps because the vibrations of sound waves from the footsteps must travel through our body to reach our ears. By that time however, the sound waves diminish in magnitude.
Question 2:
Can you hear your own words if you are standing in a perfect vacuum? Can you hear your friend in the same conditions?
Answer:
Yes, we can hear ourselves speak. The ear membrane, being a part of our body, vibrates and allows sound to travel through our body.
No, we cannot hear our friend speak as there is no medium (air) through which sound can travel.
Question 3:
A vertical rod is hit at one end. What kind of wave propagates in the rod if (a) the hit is made vertically (b) the hit is made horizontally?
Answer:
A longitudinal wave propagates when the rod is hit vertically.
When hit horizontally too, a longitudinal wave is produced (sound wave). However, if the rod vibrates, the wave so developed is transverse in nature.
Question 4:
Two loudspeakers are arranged facing each other at some distance. Will a person standing behind one of the loudspeakers clearly hear the sound of the other loudspeaker or the clarity will be seriously damaged because of the ‘collision’ of the two sounds in between?
Answer:
It depends on the position of the speakers. The placement decides whether the interference so formed is constructive or destructive.
Question 5:
The voice of a person, who has inhaled helium, has a remarkably high pitch. Explain on the basis of resonant vibration of vocal cord filled with air and with helium.
Answer:
The frequency of sound produced by vibration of vocal chords is amplified by resonance in the voice box. Now resonant frequency is directly proportional to the velocity of sound present in the voice box. Now as Helium has less density than air, velocity of sound in Helium is higher than that in air. Higher velocity of sound in Helium implies that the resonant frequency of the sound in voice chamber filled with Helium will be higher than with air. Thus the voice is high pitched in Helium filled voice box.
Question 6:
Draw a diagram to show the standing pressure wave and standing displacement wave for the 3rd overtone mode of vibration of an open organ pipe.
Answer:

The displacement node is a pressure anti-node and via-versa.
Question 7:
Two tuning forks vibrate with the same amplitude but the frequency of the first is double the frequency of the second. Which fork produces more intense sound in air?
Answer:
We know that: intensity ∝ (amplitude)2.
However, the intensity is independent of frequency. As the amplitude of the vibrating forks is the same, both the forks produce sounds of the same intensity in the air.
Question 8:
In discussing Doppler effect, we use the word “apparent frequency”. Does it mean that the frequency of the sound is still that of the source and it is some physiological phenomenon in the listener’s ear that gives rise to Doppler effect? Think for the observer approaching the source and for the source approaching the observer.
Answer:
The frequency of the sound is still that of the source. However, the frequency of the vibrations received by the observer changes due to relative motion.
If both (the observer and the source) move towards each other, then the frequency of the vibrations received by the observer will be higher compared to the original frequency.
Question 1:
Consider the following statements about sound passing through a gas.
(A) The pressure of the gas at a point oscillates in time.
(B) The position of a small layer of the gas oscillates in time.
(a) Both A and B are correct.
(b) A is correct but B is wrong.
(c) B is correct but A is wrong.
(d) Both A and B are wrong.
Answer:
(a) Both A and B are correct.
Sound is a longitudinal wave produced by the oscillation of pressure at a point, thus, forming compressions and rarefactions. That portion of gas itself does not move but the pressure variation causes a disturbance.
Question 2:
When we clap our hands, the sound produced is best described by
(a)
p=p0 sinkx-ωt(b)
p=p0 sin kx cos ωt(c)
p=p0 cos kx sin ωt(d)
p=∑p0n sin knx-ωnt.
Here p denotes the change in pressure from the equilibrium value.
Answer:
(d)
p=∑p0n sin knx-ωnt.
When we clap, there is a change in pressure, which sets a disturbance and forms a wave. However, this variation is not uniform every time we clap (unlike in the case of a sound wave). Hence, we sum up all the disturbances.
Question 3:
The bulk modulus and the density of water are greater than those of air. With this much of information, we can say that velocity of sound in air
(a) is larger than its value in water
(b) is smaller than its value in water
(c) is equal to its value in water
(d) cannot be compared with its value in water.
Answer:
(d) cannot be compared with its value in water.
If B is the bulk modulus and ρ is the density, then the velocity of sound is given by:
Velocity=BρIf both B and ρ are greater, then we cannot compare
2B2ρ=3B3ρ=Bρ.
For proper comparison, we need numerical values.
Question 4:
A tuning fork sends sound waves in air. If the temperature of the air increases, which of the following parameters will change?
(a) Displacement amplitude
(b) Frequency
(c) Wavelength
(d) Time period
Answer:
(c) Wavelength
The velocity of a sound wave varies with temperature as follows:
v∝TAs the temperature increases, the speed also increases. However, since the frequency remains the same, its wavelength changes.
Question 5:
When sound wave is refracted from air to water, which of the following will remain unchanged?
(a) Wave number
(b) Wavelength
(c) Wave velocity
(d) Frequency
Answer:
(d) Frequency
When a sound or light wave undergoes refraction, its frequency remains constant because there is no change in its phase.
Question 6:
The speed of sound in a medium depends on
(a) the elastic property but not on the inertia property
(b) the inertia property but not on the elastic property
(c) the elastic property as well as the inertia property
(d) neither the elastic property nor the inertia property.
Answer:
(c) the elastic property as well as the inertia property
Propagation of any wave through a medium depends on whether it is elastic and possesses inertia. A wave needs to oscillate (elastic property) for it to be propagated and if it does not have inertia, the oscillations won’t keep on moving to and fro about the mean position.
Question 7:
Two sound waves move in the same direction in the same medium. The pressure amplitudes of the waves are equal but the wavelength of the first wave is double the second. Let the average power transmitted across a cross section by the first wave be P1 and that by the second wave be P2. Then
(a)
P1=P2(b)
P1=4P2(c)
P2=2P1(d)
P2=4P.
Answer:
(a)
P1=P2Since the average power transmitted by a wave is independent of the wavelength, we have
P1=P2.
Question 8:
When two waves with same frequency and constant phase difference interfere,
(a) there is a gain of energy
(b) there is a loss of energy
(c) the energy is redistributed and the distribution changes with time
(d) the energy is redistributed and the distribution remains constant in time.
Answer:
(d) the energy is redistributed and the distribution remains constant in time.
The energy is redistributed due to the presence of interference. However, as the frequency and phase remain constant , the distribution also remains constant with time.
Page No 352:
Question 1:
A steel tube of length 1.00 m is struck at one end. A person with his ear closed to the other end hears the sound of the blow twice, one travelling through the body of the tube and the other through the air in the tube. Find the time gap between the two hearings. Use the table in the text for speeds of sound in various substances.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in airv = 330 m/s
Velocity of sound through the steel tube vs = 5200 m/s
Here, Length of the steel tube S = 1 m
As we know,
t=Sv
t1=1330and
t2=15200Where, t1 is the time taken by the sound in air.
t2 is the time taken by the sound in steel tube.
Therefore,
Required time gap t=t1-t2⇒t=1330-15200⇒t= 2.75×10-3 s⇒t= 2.75 msHence, the time gap between two hearings is 2.75 ms.
Question 9:
An open organ pipe of length L vibrates in its fundamental mode. The pressure variation is maximum
(a) at the two ends
(b) at the middle of the pipe
(c) at distance L/4 inside the ends
(d) at distances L/8 inside the ends.
Answer:
(b) at the middle of the pipe
For an open organ pipe in fundamental mode, an anti-node is formed at the middle, where the amplitude of the wave is maximum. Hence, the pressure variation is also maximum at the middle.
Question 10:
An organ pipe, open at both ends, contains
(a) longitudinal stationary waves
(b) longitudinal travelling waves
(c) transverse stationary waves
(d) transverse travelling waves.
Answer:
(a) longitudinal stationary waves
An open organ pipe has sound waves that are longitudinal. These waves undergo repeated reflections till resonance to form standing waves.
Question 11:
A cylindrical tube, open at both ends, has a fundamental frequency v. The tube is dipped vertically in water so that half of its length is inside the water. The new fundamental frequency is
(a) v/4
(b) v/2
(c) v
(d) 2v.
Answer:
c) υ
If v is the velocity of the wave and L is the length of the pipe,
then the fundamental frequency for an open organ pipe is
ν=v2LFor a closed organ pipe of length L‘ = L/2, the fundamental frequency is
ν=v4L’=v×24×L=v2L=v(When the pipe is dipped in water, it behaves like a closed organ pipe that is half the length)
Question 12:
The phenomenon of beats can take place
(a) for longitudinal waves only
(b) transverse waves only
(c) for both longitudinal and transverse waves
(d) for sound waves only.
Answer:
(c) for both longitudinal and transverse waves
When two or more waves of slightly different frequencies (v1 – v2 ≯ 10) travel with the same speed in the same direction, they superimpose to give beats. Thus, the waves may be longitudinal or transverse.
Question 13:
A tuning fork of frequency 512 Hz is vibrated with a sonometer wire and 6 beats per second are heard. The beat frequency reduces if the tension in the string is slightly increased. The original frequency of vibration of the string is
(a) 506 Hz
(b) 512 Hz
(c) 518 Hz
(d) 524 Hz.
Answer:
a) 506 Hz

The frequency of the sonometer may be 512 ± 6Hz, i.e., 506 Hz or 518 Hz.
On increasing the tension in a sonometer wire, the velocity of the wave (v) increases proportionately as the number of beats decreases. Therefore, the frequency of the sonometer wire is 506 Hz.
Question 14:
The engine of a train sounds a whistle at frequency v. The frequency heard by a passenger is
(a)
> v(b)
< v(c)
=1v(d)
=v
Answer:
(d)
=vFor the Doppler effect to occur, there must be relative motion between the source and the observer. However, this is not the case here. Hence, the frequency heard by the passenger is υ.
Question 15:
The change in frequency due to Doppler effect does not depend on
(a) the speed of the source
(b) the speed of the observer
(c) the frequency of the source
(d) separation between the source and the observer.
Answer:
(d) separation between the source and the observer
v0=v±u0v±usvsIt is clear from the equation that the change in frequency due to Doppler effect depends only on the relative motion and not on the distance between the source and the observer.
Question 16:
A small source of sounds moves on a circle as shown in figure (16-Q1) and an observer is sitting at O. Let
v1, v2, v3be the frequencies heard when the source is at A, B and C respectively.
(a)
v1>v2>v3(b)
v1=v2>v3(c)
v2>v3>v1(d)
v1>v3>v2
Answer:
(c)
ν2>ν3>ν1
At B, the velocity of the source is along the line joining the source and the observer. Therefore, at B, the source is approaching with the highest velocity as compared to A and C. Hence, the frequency heard is maximum when the source is at B.
Question 1:
When you speak to your friend, which of the following parameters have a unique value in the sound produced?
(a) Frequency
(b) Wavelength
(c) Amplitude
(d) Wave velocity
Answer:
d) Wave velocity
The frequency, wavelength and amplitude do not have a unique value in the sound produced.
The frequency (and wavelength) changes as the pitch of the sound varies, while the amplitude is different as the loudness varies. However, the speed of sound in the air at a particular temperature is constant, i.e., it has a unique value.
Question 2:
An electrically maintained tuning fork vibrates with constant frequency and constant amplitude. If the temperature of the surrounding air increases but pressure remains constant, the produced will have
(a) larger wavelength
(b) larger frequency
(c) larger velocity
(d) larger time period.
Answer:
(a) larger wavelength
(c) larger velocity
The velocity varies with temperature as
v∝T. Therefore, it increases.
Since the frequency remains constant, the wavelength will increase as
λ∝v.
Question 3:
The fundamental frequency of a vibrating organ pipe is 200 Hz.
(a) The first overtone is 400 Hz.
(b) The first overtone may be 400 Hz.
(c) The first overtone may be 600 Hz.
(d) 600 Hz is an overtone.
Answer:
(b) The first overtone may be 400 Hz.
(c) The first overtone may be 600 Hz.
(d) 600 Hz is an overtone.
For an open organ pipe:
νn=nν1nth harmonic = (n – 1)th overtone
ν1=200 Hz, ν2=400 Hz, ν3=600 HzIf the pipe is an open organ pipe, then the 1st overtone is 400 Hz. Option (b) is correct.
Also, υ3 = 600 Hz, i.e., second overtone = 600 Hz.
600 Hz is an overtone. Therefore, option (d) is correct.
If the pipe is a closed organ pipe, then
νn=2n-1ν1.
(2n – 1)th harmonic = (n – 1)th overtone
For n = 2:
1st overtone = 3rd harmonic = 3υ1
=3 × 200
= 600 Hz
Therefore, option (c) is also correct.
Question 4:
A source of sound moves towards an observer.
(a) The frequency of the source is increased.
(b) The velocity of sound in the medium is increased.
(c) The wavelength of sound in the medium towards the observer is decreased.
(d) The amplitude of vibration of the particles is increased.
Answer:
(c) The wavelength of the sound in the medium towards the observer decreases.
Due to Doppler effect, the frequency or wavelength of the sound changes towards the observer only.
The actual frequency and wavelength of the source does not change.
Question 5:
A listener is at rest with respect to the source of sound. A wind starts blowing along the line joining the source and the observer. Which of the following quantities do not change?
(a) Frequency
(b) Velocity of sound
(c) Wavelength
(d) Time period
Answer:
(a) Frequency
(d) Time period
The frequency does not change. Hence, the time period (inverse of frequency) also remains the same.
Due to wind, the relative velocity of sound changes. Thus, the wavelength also changes so as to keep the frequency the same. (As
v=νλ)
Page No 353:
Question 2:
At a prayer meeting, the disciples sing JAI-RAM JAI-RAM. The sound amplified by a loudspeaker comes back after reflection from a building at a distance of 80 m from the meeting. What maximum time interval can be kept between one JAI-RAM and the next JAI-RAM so that the echo does not disturb a listener sitting in the meeting. Speed of sound in air is 320 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
The distance of the building from the meeting is 80 m.
Velocity of sound in air v = 320 ms−1
Total distance travelled by the sound after echo is S = 80 × 2 = 160 m
As we know,
v=St.
∴ t=sv=160320=0.5 sTherefore, the maximum time interval will be 0.5 seconds.
Question 3:
A man stands before a large wall at a distance of 50.0 m and claps his hands at regular intervals. Initially, the interval is large. He gradually reduces the interval and fixes it at a value when the echo of a clap merges every 3 seconds, find the velocity of sound in air.
Answer:
Given:
Distance of the large wall from the man S = 50 m
​He has to clap 10 times in 3 seconds.
So, time interval between two claps will be
=310 second.
Therefore, the time taken
tby sound to go to the wall is
t=320 second.
We know that:Velocity v=St ⇒ v=50320=333 m/s
Hence, the velocity of sound in air is 333 m/s.
Question 4:
A person can hear sound waves in the frequency range 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Find the minimum and the maximum wavelengths of sound that is audible to the person. The speed of sound is 360 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound v = 360 ms−1
(a) We know that frequency
∝1Wavelength.
Therefore, for minimum wavelength, the frequency f = 20 kHz.
We know that v = fλ.
∴ λ=36020×103⇒λ=18×10-3 m=18 mm(b) For maximum wave length:
Frequency f=20 Hz
v=fλ∴λ=vf ⇒λ=36020=18 m
Question 5:
Find the minimum and maximum wavelengths of sound in water that is in the audible range (20−20000 Hz) for an average human ear. Speed of sound in water = 1450 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in water v = 1450 ms−1
Audible range for average human ear = (20-20000 Hz)
Relation between frequency (f) and wavelength (λ) with constant velocity:
f∝1λ(a) For minimum wavelength, the frequency should be maximum.
Frequency f = 20 kHz
As v=fλ,∴ λ=vf.⇒ λ=145020×103⇒λ=7.25 cm(b) For maximum wave length, thefrequency should be minimum.
f = 20 Hz
v=fλ⇒ λ=145020=72.5 m∴ λ = 72.5 m
Question 6:
Sound waves from a loudspeaker spread nearly uniformly in all directions if the wavelength of the sound is much larger than the diameter of the loudspeaker. (a)Calculate the frequency for which the wavelength of sound in air is ten times the diameter of the speaker if the diameter is 20 cm. (b) Sound is essentially transmitted in the forward direction if the wavelength is much shorter than the diameter of the speaker. Calculate the frequency at which the wavelength of the sound is one tenth of the diameter of the speaker described above.
Answer:
Given:
The diameter of the loudspeaker is 20 cm.
Velocity of sound in air v = 340 m/s
As per the question,
wavelength (λ) of the sound is 10 times the diameter of the loudspeaker.
∴ (λ) = 20 cm
×10= 200 cm = 2 m
(a) Frequency f = ?
As we know,
v=fλ.
∴ f=vλ=3402=170 Hz(b) Here, wavelength is one tenth of the diameter of the loudspeaker.
⇒ λ = 2 cm = 2 × 10−2 m
∴ f=vλ=3402×10-2=17,000 Hz = 17 kHz
Question 7:
Ultrasonic waves of frequency 4.5 MHz are used to detect tumour in soft tissue. The speed of sound in tissue is 1.5 km s−1 and that in air is 340 m s−1. Find the wavelength of this ultrasonic wave in air and in tissue.
Answer:
(a) Given:
Frequency of ultrasonic wave f = 4.5 MHz = 4.5 × 106 Hz
Velocity of air v = 340 m/s
Speed of sound in tissue = 1.5 km/s
Wavelength λ = ?
As we know,
v=fλ.
∴ λ=3404.5×106⇒λ=7.6×10-5 m(b) Velocity of sound in tissue vtissue= 1500 m/s
λ=vtissuef⇒ λ=15004.5×10-6 m⇒ λ=3.3×10-4 m
Question 8:
The equation of a travelling sound wave is y = 6.0 sin (600 t − 1.8 x) where y is measured in 10−5 m, t in second and x in metre. (a) Find the ratio of the displacement amplitude of the particles to the wavelength of the wave. (b) Find the ratio of the velocity amplitude of the particles to the wave speed.
Answer:
Given:
Equation of a travelling sound wave is y = 6.0 sin (600 t − 1.8 x),
where y is measured in 10−5 m,
t in second,
x in metre.
Comparing the given equation with the wave equation, we find:
Amplitude A = 6
×10-5 m
(a) We have: 2πλ=1.8 ⇒λ=2π1.8So, required ratio: Aλ=6.0×(1.8)×10-5m/s(2π)=1.7×10-5 m(b) Let Vybe the velocity amplitude of the wave.
Velocity v=dydtv=d6 sin 600 t-1.8 xdt⇒v=3600 cos (600t-1.8x)×10-5 m/sAmplitute Vy=3600×10-5m/sWavelength: λ=2π1.8Time period:T=2πω⇒ T=2π600Wave speed v=λT⇒v=6001.8=1003 m/sRequired ratio:Vyv=3600×3×10-51000=1.1×10-4 m
Question 9:
A sound wave frequency 100 Hz is travelling in air. The speed of sound in air is 350 m s−1. (a) By how much is the phase changed at a given point in 2.5 ms? (b) What is the phase difference at a given instant between two points separated by a distance of 10.0 cm along the direction of propagation?
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 350 m/s
Frequency of sound wave f = 100 Hz
a) As we know,
v=fλ.
∴ λ=vf⇒λ=350100=3.5 m Distance travelled by the particle:
Δx = (350 × 2.5 × 10−3) m
Phase difference is given by:
ϕ=2πλ×∆xOn substituting the values we get:ϕ=2π×350×2.5×10-33.5⇒ ϕ=π2(b) For the second case:
Distance between the two points:
∆x= 10 cm = 0.1 m
⇒ ϕ=2πλ∆xOn substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get:ϕ=2π×0.13.5=2π35The phase difference between the two points is
2π35.
Question 10:
Two point sources of sound are kept at a separation of 10 cm. They vibrate in phase to produce waves of wavelength 5.0 cm. What would be the phase difference between the two waves arriving at a point 20 cm from one source (a) on the line joining the sources and (b) on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the sources?
Answer:
Given:
Separation between the two point sources ∆x = 10 cm
Wavelength λ = 5.0 cm
(a)
Phase difference is given by: ϕ=2πλ∆xSo,ϕ=2π5×10=4πTherefore, the phase difference is zero.
(b) Zero: the particles are in the same phase since they have the same path.
Question 11:
Calculate the speed of sound in oxygen from the following data. The mass of 22.4 litre of oxygen at STP (T = 273 K and p = 1.0 × 105 N m−2) is 32 g, the molar heat capacity of oxygen at constant volume is Cv = 2.5 R and that at constant pressure is Cp = 3.5 R.
Answer:
Given:
Pressure of oxygen p = 1.0 × 105 Nm−2
Temperature T = 273 K
Mass of oxygen M = 32 g
Volume of oxygen V = 22.4 litre = 22.4
×10-3 m3Molar heat capacity of oxygen at constant volumeCv = 2.5 R
Molar heat capacity of oxygen at constant pressure Cp = 3.5 R
Density of oxygen
ρ=MV=32 g22.4×10-3 m3
We know that:CpCv=γ∴ γ=3.5 R2.5 R=1.4Velocity of sound is given by: v=γpρ,where v is the speed of sound.On substituting the respective values in the above formula, we get: v=1.4×1.0×1053222.4⇒v=310 m/sTherefore, the speed of sound in oxygen is 310 m/s.
Question 12:
The speed of sound as measured by a student in the laboratory on a winter day is 340 m s−1 when the room temperature is C17°. What speed will be measured by another student repeating the experiment on a day when the room temperature is 32°C?
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound v1 = 340 m/s
Temperature T1 = 17°C = 17 + 273 = 290 K
Let the velocity of sound at a temperature T2 be v2.
T2 = 32°C = 273 + 32 = 305 K
Relation between velocity and temperature:
v∝TSo,v1v2=T1T2⇒v2=v1×T2T1On substituting the respective values, we get:v2=340×305290=349 m/sHence, the final velocity of sound is 349 m/s.
Question 13:
At what temperature will the speed of sound be double of its value at 0°C?
Answer:
Let the speed of sound T1 be v1,
where T1 = 0Ëš C = 273 K.
Let T2be the temperature at which the speed of sound (v2) will be double its value at 0Ëš C.
As per the question,
v2 = 2v1.
v∝T∴​
v22v12=T2T1⇒2v12v12=T2273⇒T2=273×4 =1092 K
To convert Kelvin into degree celsius:
T2=273×4 -273 =819° CHence, the temperature (T2 ) will be 819Ëš C
Question 14:
The absolute temperature of air in a region linearly increases from T1 to T2 in a space of width d. Find the time taken by a sound wave to go through the region in terms of T1, T2, d and the speed vof sound at 273 K. Evaluate this time for T1 = 280 K, T2 = 310 K, d = 33 m and v = 330 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
The absolute temperature of air in a region increases linearly from T1 toT2in a space of width d.
The speed of sound at 273 K is v.
vT is the velocity of the sound at temperature T.
Let us find the temperature variation at a distance x in the region.
Temperature variation is given by:
T=T1+T2-T1dx v∝T⇒vTv=T273⇒ vT=vT273⇒dt=dxvT=duv×273T⇒ t=273v∫0ddxT1+T2-T1dx12⇒t=273v×2dT2-T1T1+T2-T1d0d⇒t=273v×2dT2-T1T2-T1⇒t=2dv273T2-T1×T2-T1 ∵ A2-B2=A-BA+B⇒T=2dv273T2+T1 …(i)Evaluating this time:
Initial temperature T1 = 280 K
Final temperature T2 = 310 K
Space width d = 33 m
v = 330 m s−1
On substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get:
T=2×33330273280+310=96 ms
Question 15:
Find the change in the volume of 1.0 litre kerosene when it is subjected to an extra pressure of 2.0 × 105 N m−2 from the following data. Density of kerosene = 800 kg m−3 and speed of sound in kerosene = 1330 ms−1.
Answer:
Given:
Volume of kerosene V = 1 litre =
1×10-3 m3Pressure applied P = 2.0 × 105 Nm
-2
Density of kerosene ρ = 800 kgm−3
Speed of sound in kerosene v = 1330 ms−1
Change in volume of kerosene
∆V= ?
The velocity in terms of the bulk modulus
Kand density
ρis given by:
v=Kp,
whereK=v2ρ.⇒K=13302×800 N/m2As we know, K=FA∆VV.∴ ∆V=Pressure×VK ∵P= FAOn substituting the respective values, we get:∆V=2×105×1×10-31330×1330×800=0.14 cm3Therefore, the change in the volume of kerosene ∆V = 0.14 cm3.
Question 16:
Calculate the bulk modulus of air from the following data about a sound wave of wavelength 35 cm travelling in air. The pressure at a point varies between (1.0 × 105 ± 14) Pa and the particles of the air vibrate in simple harmonic motion of amplitude 5.5 × 10−6 m.
Answer:
Given:
Wavelength of sound wave
λ= 35 cm =
35×10-2 mPressure amplitude P0 =
1.0×105±14 PaDisplacement amplitude of the air particlesS0 = 5.5 × 10−6 m
Bulk modulus is given by:
B=P0λ2πS0=∆p∆V/VOn substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get:
B=14×35×10-2 m2π5.5×10-6 m⇒B=1.4×105 N/m2Hence, the bulk modulus of air is 1.4
×105 N/m2.
Question 17:
A sources of sound operates at 2.0 kHz, 20 W emitting sound uniformly in all directions. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1 and the density of air is 1.2 kg m −3. (a) What is the intensity at a distance of 6.0 m from the source? (b) What will be the pressure amplitude at this point? (c) What will be the displacement amplitude at this point?
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Power of the source P = 20 W
Frequency of the source f = 2,000 Hz
Density of air ρ = 1.2 kgm −3
(a) Distance of the source r = 6.0 m
Intensity is given by:
I=PA,
where A is the area.
⇒I=204πr2=204×π×62 ∵r=6 m⇒I=44 mw/m2(b) As we know,
I=p022ρv.⇒ P0=I×2ρv⇒P0=2×1.2×340×44×10-3⇒P0=6.0 Pa or N/m2(c) As we know, I = 2π2S02v2ρV.
S0 is the displacement amplitude.
⇒ S0=I2π2v2ρVOn applying the respective values, we get:
S0 = 1.2 × 10−6 m
Question 18:
The intensity of sound from a point source is 1.0 × 10−8 W m−2 at a distance of 5.0 m from the source. What will be the intensity at a distance of 25 m from the source?
Answer:
Given:
The intensity I1 is 1.0 × 10−8 Wm−2,
when the distance of the point source
r1 is 5 m.
Let I2be the intensity of the point source at a distance
r2= 25 m.
As we know,
I ∝1r2.So,I1I2=r22r11⇒ I2=I1r12r22On substituting the respective values, we get:
I2=1.0×10-8×25625 =4.0×10-10W/m2
Question 19:
The sound level at a point 5.0 m away from a point source is 40 dB. What will be the level at a point 50 m away from the source?
Answer:
Let
βA be the sound level at a point 5 m (= r1) away from the point source and
βB be the sound level at a distance of 50 m (= r2) away from the point source.
∴​
βA= 40 dB
Sound level is given by:
β=10log10II0According to the question,
βA=10 log10 IAI0.⇒ IAI0=10βA10 …..1βB=10 log10IBIo⇒ IBI0=10βB10 …..2From 1 and 2, we get: IAIB=10βA-βB10 ….3Also, IAIB=rB2rA2=5052 = 102 …..4From 3 and 4, we get:102=10βA-βB10⇒ βA-βB10=2 ⇒ βA-βB=20⇒ βB=40-20=20 dBThus, the sound level of a point 50 m away from the point source is 20 dB.
Question 20:
If the intensity of sound is doubled, by how many decibels does the sound level increase?
Answer:
Let the intensity of the sound be I and
β1 be the sound level. If the intensity of the sound is doubled, then its sound level becomes 2I.
Sound level
β1is given by:
β1=10 log10II0,
where I0 is the constant reference intensity.
When the intensity doubles, the sound level is given by:
β2=10 log102II0.
According to the question,
β2-β1=10 log2II =10×0.3010=3 dBThe sound level is increased by 3 dB.
Question 21:
Sound with intensity larger than 120 dB appears pain full to a person. A small speaker delivers 2.0 W of audio output. How close can the person get to the speaker without hurting his ears?
Answer:
Given:
The sound level that can hurt the human ear is 120 dB. Then, the intensity I is 1 W/m2.
Audio output of the small speaker P = 2 W
Let the closest distance be x.
We have:
I=P4πr224πx2=1
⇒ x2=24π⇒ x=0.4 m=40 cm Hence, the closest distance of the human ear from the small speaker is 40 cm.
Question 22:
If the sound level in a room is increased from 50 dB to 60 dB, by what factor is the pressure amplitude increased?
Answer:
Given:
Initial sound level
β1= 50 dB
Final sound level
β2= 60 dB
Constant reference intensity
I0= 10
-12 W/m2
We can find initial intensity I1 using:
β1=10log10I1I0.
⇒50 =10log10I110-12On solving, we get:
I1= 10
-7 W/m2.
Similarly,
β2=10log10I2I0.
On substituting the values and solving, we get:
I2=10-6 W/m2As the intensity is proportional to the square of pressure amplitude (p),
we have:
I2I1=p2p12=10-610-7=10
∴ p2p12=10⇒ p2p1=10Hence, the pressure amplitude is increased by
10factor.
Question 23:
The noise level in a classroom in absence of the teacher is 50 dB when 50 students are present. Assuming that on the average each student output same sound energy per second, what will be the noise level if the number of students is increased to 100?
Answer:
Let the intensity of each student be I and the sound level of 50 students be
β1. If the number of students increases to 100, the sound level becomes
β2.
Using
β=10log10II0,
where I0 is the constant reference intensity, I is the intensity and β is the sound level.
β1=10log1050II0β2=10log10100II0
⇒β2-β1=10log10100II0-10log1050II0 =10log10100I50I =10log102 =3Therefore, the noise level of 100 students
β2will be = 50+3 = 53 dB.
Question 24:
In Quincke’s experiment the sound detected is changed from a maximum to a minimum when the sliding tube is moved through a distance of 2.50 cm. Find the frequency of sound if the speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Distance moved by sliding tube = 2.50 cm
Frequency of sound f = ?
Distance between maximum and minimum: λ4=2.50 cm⇒ λ=2.50×4=10 cm=10-1mAs we know,
v = f
λ.
∴ f=vλ⇒f=34010-1= 3400 Hz=3.4 kHzTherefore, the frequency of the sound is 3.4 kHz.
Question 25:
In Quincke’s experiment, the sound intensity has a minimum value l at a particular position. As the sliding tube is pulled out by a distance of 16.5 mm, the intensity increases to a maximum of 9 l. Take the speed of sound in air to be 330 m s−1. (a) Find the frequency of the sound source. (b) Find the ratio of the amplitudes of the two waves arriving at the detector assuming that it does not change much between the positions of minimum intensity and maximum intensity.
Answer:
The sliding tube is pulled out by a distance of 16.5 mm.
Speed of sound in air, v = 330 ms−1
(a) As per the question, we have:
λ4=16.5 mm⇒ λ=16.5×4=66 mm=66×10-3 mWe know:
v = f
λ
∴ f=vλ
⇒ f=vλ=34066×10-3=5 kHz(b)​
Ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity:
IMaxIMin=KA1-A22KA1+A22=I9I⇒A1-A22A1+A22=19Taking square roots of both sides, we get:
A1+A2A1-A2=31⇒A1A2=3+13-1=21So, the ratio of the amplitudes is 2.
Page No 354:
Question 26:
Two audio speakers are kept some distance apart and are driven by the same amplifier system. A person is sitting at a place 6.0 m from one of the speakers and 6.4 m from the other. If the sound signal is continuously varied from 500 Hz to 5000 Hz, what are the frequencies for which there is a destructive interference at the place of the listener? Speed of sound in air = 320 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 320 ms−1
The path difference of the sound waves coming from the loudspeaker and reaching the person is given by:
Δx = 6.4 m − 6.0 m = 0.4 m
If
fis the frequency of either wave, then the wavelength of either wave will be:
λ=vf=320fFor destructive interference, the path difference of the two sound waves reaching the listener should be an odd integral multiple of half of the wavelength.
∴∆x=(2n+1)λ2 , where n is an integer.
On substituting the respective values, we get:
0.4 m=2n+1×3202f⇒f=2n+13202×0.4⇒f=(2n+1) 400 HzThus, on applying the different values of n, we find that the frequencies within the specified range that caused destructive interference are 1200 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2800 Hz, 3600 Hz and 4400 Hz.
Question 27:
A source of sound S and detector D are placed at some distance from one another. a big cardboard is placed near hte detector and perpendicular to the line SD as shown in figure. It is gradually moved away and it is found that the intensity changes from a maximum to a minimum as the board is moved through a distance of 20 cm. Find the frequency of the sound emitted. Velocity of sound in air is 336 m s−1.
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 336 ms−1
Distance between maximum and minimum intensity:
λ4= 20 cm
Frequency of sound f = ?
We have:
λ4=20⇒λ=20×4=80 cm=80×10-2 m
As we know,
v=fλ.
∴ f=vλ
⇒f=33680×10-2=420 HzTherefore, the frequency of the sound emitted from the source is 420 Hz.
Question 28:
A source S and a detector D are placed at a distance d apart. A big cardboard is placed at a distance
2dfrom the source and the detector as shown in figure. The source emits a wave of wavelength = d/2 which is received by the detector after reflection from the cardboard. It is found to be in phase with the direct wave received from the source. By what minimum distance should the cardboard be shifted away so that the reflected wave becomes out of phase with the direct wave?
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Distance between the source and detector = d
Distance of cardboard from the source =
2dWavelength of the source
λ= d/2
Path difference between sound waves received by the detector before shifting the cardboard:
2d22+2d2-d⇒2×3d2-d⇒2dIf the cardboard is shifted by a distance x, the path difference will be:
2d22+2d+x2-dAccording to the question,
2d22+2d+x2-d=2d+d4⇒2d22+2d+x2-d=9d4⇒2d22+2d+x2=9d4+d=13d4⇒ d22+2d+x2=16964d2⇒ 2d+x2=(169-16)64d2=15364d2⇒2d+x=1.54d⇒x=1.54-1.41d=0.13d
Question 29:
Two stereo speakers are separated by a distance of 2.40 m. A person stands at a distance of 3.20 m directly in front of one of the speakers as shown in figure. Find the frequencies in the audible range (20-2000 Hz) for which the listener will hear a minimum sound intensity. Speed of sound in air = 320 m s−1.
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Distance between the two speakers d = 2.40 m
Speed of sound in air v = 320 ms−1
Frequency of the two stereo speakers f = ?
As shown in the figure, the path difference between the sound waves reaching the listener is given by:
∆x=S2L-S1L
∆x=(3.2)2+(2.4)2-3.2Wavelength of either sound wave:
=320fWe know that destructive interference will occur if the path difference is an odd integral multiple of the wavelength.
∴ ∆x=(2n+1)λ2So,
(3.2)2+(2.4)2-3.2=(2n+1)2320f⇒16-3.2=2n+12320f⇒0.8×2f=2n+1×320⇒ 1.6f=2n+1×320⇒f= 200(2n+1)On putting the value of n = 1,2,3,…49, the person can hear in the audible region from 20 Hz to 2000 Hz.
Question 31:
Two speakers S1 and S2, driven by the same amplifier, are placed at y = 1.0 m and y = −1.0 m. The speakers vibrate in phase at 600 Hz. A man stands at a point on the X-axis at a very large distance from the origin and starts moving parallel to the Y-axis. The speed of sound in air is 330 m s−1. (a) At what angle θ will the intensity of sound drop to a minimum for the first time? (b) At what angle will he hear a maximum of sound intensity for the first time? (c) If he continues to walk along the line, how many more can he hear?
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of source f = 600 Hz
Speed of sound in air v = 330 m/s
v=fλ
∴ λ=vf=
330600=0.5 mmLet the man travel a distance of
yparallel to the y-axis and let
d be the distance between the two speakers. The man is standing at a distance of
Dfrom the origin.
The path difference (x) between the two sound waves reaching the man is given by:
x=S2Q-S1Q=ydDAngle made by man with the origin:
θ=yDGiven:
d = 2 m
(a) For minimum intensity:
The destructive interference of sound (minimum intensity) takes place if the path difference is an odd integral
multiple of half of the wavelength.
∴x=(2n+1)λ2For n=0∴ydD=λ2∵θ=yD∴θd=λ2∴θ=λ2d=0.554=0.1375 rad⇒θ =0.1375×(57.1)°=7.9°(b) For maximum intensity:
The constructive interference of sound (maximum intensity) takes place if the path difference is an integral multiple of the wavelength.
x=nλFor n=1:⇒ydD=λ⇒θ=λd⇒θ=0.552=0.275 rad∴ θ=16°(c) The more number of maxima is given by the path difference:
ydD=2λ, 3λ, 4λ,…..⇒ yD=θ=32°, 64°, 128°He will hear two more maxima at 32° and 64° because the maximum value of θ may be 90°.
Question 32:
Three sources of sound S1, S2 and S3 of equal intensity are placed in a straight line with S1S2 = S2S3. At a point P, far away from the sources, the wave coming from S2 is 120° ahead in phase of that from S1. Also, the wave coming from S3 is 120° ahead of that from S2. What would be the resultant intensity of sound at P?
Figure
Answer:
Given:
All the three sources of sound, namely, S1, S2 and S3 emit equal intensity of sound waves.
Therefore, all three sources have equal amplitudes.
∴ A1 = A2 = A3
Now, by vector method, the resultant of the amplitudes is 0.
So, the resultant intensity at P is zero.
(a)
(b)
Question 33:
Two coherent narrow slits emitting sound of wavelength λ in the same phase are placed parallel to each other at a small separation of 2λ. The sound is detected by moving a detector on the screen ∑ at a distance D(>>λ) from the slit S1 as shown in figure. Find the distance x such that the intensity at P is equal to the intensity at O.
Figure
Answer:
Given:
S1& S2 are in the same phase. At O, there will be maximum intensity.
There will be maximum intensity at P.
From the figure (in questions):
∆S1POand
∆S2POare right-angled triangles.
So,
S1P2-S2P2=D2+x2-D-2λ2+x22=4λD+4λ2=4λD(λ2is small and can be neglected)⇒S1P+S2PS1P-S2P=4λD⇒S1P-S2P=4λDS1P+S2P⇒ S1P-S2P=4λD2x2+D2
For constructive interference, path difference = n
λ.
So,
⇒ S1P-S2P=4λD2x2+D2=nλ⇒ 2Dx2+D2=n⇒ n2(x2+D2)=4D2⇒ n2x2+n2D2=4D2⇒n2x2=4D2-n2D2⇒n2x2=D24-n2⇒ x=Dn4-n2When n=1, x=3D (1st order).When n=2,x=0 (2nd order).So, when x =
3D , the intensity at P is equal to the intensity at O.
Question 34:
Figure shown two coherent sources S1 and S2 which emit sound of wavelength λ in phase. The separation between the sources is 3λ. A circular wire of large radius is placed in such way that S1,S2 is at the centre of the wire. Find the angular positions θ on the wire for which constructive interference takes place.
Figure
Answer:
Let the sound waves from the two coherent sources S1 and S2 reach the point P.
rework
OQ = R cosθ
OP = R cosθ
OS2 = OS1 = 1.5
λFrom the figure, we find that:
PS12=PQ2+QS2=Rsinθ2+Rcosθ-1.5λ2
PS12=PQ2+QS12=Rsinθ2+Rcosθ+1.5λ2Path difference between the sound waves reaching point P is given by:
S1P2-S2P2=Rsinθ2 + Rcosθ +1.5λ2-Rsinθ2+Rcosθ-1.5λ2 =1.5λ+Rcosθ2-Rcosθ-1.5λ2 =6λRcosθ
S1P-S2P=6λR cosθ2R = 3λ cosθSuppose, for constructive interference, this path difference be made equal to the integral multiple of
λ.
Hence,
S1P-S2P=3λ cosθ=nλ⇒ cosθ=n3⇒ θ= cos-1n3where, n = 0, 1, 2, …
⇒ θ = 0°, 48.2°, 70.5°and 90° are similar points in other quadrants.
Page No 355:
Question 36:
Find the fundamental, first overtone and second overtone frequencies of an open organ pipe of length 20 cm. Speed of sound in air is 340 ms−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 340 m/s
Length of open organ pipe L = 20 cm = 20 × 10−2 m
Fundamental frequency
fof an open organ pipe:
f=v2L=3402×20×10-2=850 HzFirst overtone frequency
f1:
f1 =
2f
⇒f1=2V2I=2×850=1700 HzSecond overtone frequency
f2:
f2=3f
⇒f2=3V2L=3×850=2550 Hz
Question 37:
A closed organ pipe can vibrate at a minimum frequency of 500 Hz. Find the length of the tube. Speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Frequency of closed organ pipe f = 500 Hz
Length of tube L = ?
Fundamental frequency of closed organ pipe is given by:
f=v4L
∴ L=v4f∴ L=3404×500=0.17 m=17 cm
Question 38:
In a standing wave pattern in a vibrating air column, nodes are formed at a distance of 4.0 cm. If the speed of sound in air is 328 m s−1, what is the frequency of the source?
Answer:
Given:
Distance between two nodes = 4 cm
Speed of sound in air v = 328 ms−1
Frequency of source f = ?
Wavelength λ = 2 × 4.0 = 8 cm
v = fλ
∴ f=vλ=3288×10-2=4.1 KHz.
Hence, the required frequency of the source is 4.1 KHz.
Question 39:
The separation between a node and the next antinode in a vibrating air column is 25 cm. If the speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1, find the frequency of vibration of the air column.
Answer:
Given:
Separation between the node and anti-node = 25 cm
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Frequency of vibration of the air column f = ?
The distance between two nodes or anti-nodes is λ.
We have:
λ4=25 cm⇒ λ=100 cm=1 mAlso,
v=fλ
⇒ f=vλ=3401=340 HzHence, the frequency of vibration of the air column is 340 Hz.
Question 40:
A cylindrical metal tube has a length of 50 cm and is open at both ends. Find the frequencies between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz at which the air column in the tube can resonate. Speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Length of cylindrical metal tube L = 50 cm
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Fundamental frequency
f1of an open organ pipe:
f1=v2L=3402×50×10-2=340 HertzSo, the required harmonics will be in the range of 1000 Hz to 2000 Hz.
f2=2×340=680 Hzf3=3×340=1020 Hzf4=4×340=1360 Hzf5=5×340=1700 Hzf6=6×340=2040 Hz f2, f3, f4… are the second, third, fourth overtone, and so on.
The possible frequencies between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz are 1020 Hz, 1360 Hz and 1700 Hz.
Question 41:
In a resonance column experiment, a tuning fork of frequency 400 Hz is used. The first resonance is observed when the air column has a length of 20.0 cm and the second resonance is observed when the air column has a length of 62.0 cm. (a) Find the speed of sound in air. (b) How much distance above the open end does the pressure node form?
Answer:
Given:
Length of air column at first resonance L1 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Length of air column at second resonance L2 = 62 cm = 0.62 m
Frequency of tuning fork f = 400 Hz
(a) We know that:
λ=2L2-L1⇒ λ=262-20=84 cm=0.84 mv = λf,
where v is the speed of the sound in air.
So,
v=0.84×400=336 m/sTherefore, the speed of the sound in air is 336 m/s.
(b) Distance of open node is d:
L1+d=λ4⇒d=λ4-L1=21-20=1 cmTherefore, the required distance is 1 cm.
Question 42:
The first overtone frequency of a closed organ pipe P1 is equal to the fundamental frequency of a open organ pipe P2. If the length of the pipe P1 is 30 cm, what will be the length of P2?
Answer:
Given:
Length of closed organ pipe L1 = 30 cm
Length of open organ pipe L2 = ?
Let
f1and
f2 be the frequencies of the closed and open organ pipes, respectively.
The first overtone frequency of a closed organ pipe P1 is given by
f1=3v4L1,
where v is the speed of sound in air.
On substituting the respective values, we get:
f1=3v4×30Fundamental frequency of an open organ pipe is given by:
f2=v2L2As per the question,
f1=f2 3×v4×30=v2L2 ⇒ L2=20 cm∴ The length of the pipe P2 will be 20 cm.
Question 43:
A copper rod of length 1.0 m is clamped at its middle point. Find the frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz at which standing longitudinal waves can be set up in the rod. The speed of sound in copper is 3.8 km s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Length of copper rod l = 1.0 m
Speed of sound in copper v = 3.8 kms−1 = 3800 m/s
Let f be the frequency of the longitudinal waves.
Wavelength
λwill be:
λ2=I⇒ λ=2I=2×1=2 mWe know that:
v = fλ
⇒f=vλSo,
f=38002=1.9 KHzTherefore, the frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz that will be heard are
= n × 1.9 kHz,
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …10.
Question 44:
Find the greatest length of an organ pipe open at both ends that will have its fundamental frequency in the normal hearing range (20 − 20,000 Hz). Speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
We are considering a minimum fundamental frequency of f = 20 Hz,
since, for maximum wavelength, the frequency is a minimum.
Length of organ pipe l = ?
We have:
λ2=I⇒ λ=2IWe know that:
v = fλ
⇒ λ=vf⇒l=v2×fOn substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get:
I=3402×20⇒ l=344=8.5 mLength of the organ pipe is 8.5 m.
Question 45:
An open organ pipe has a length of 5 cm. (a) Find the fundamental frequency of vibration of this pipe. (b) What is the highest harmonic of such a tube that is in the audible range? Speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1 and the audible range is 20-20,000 Hz.
Answer:
Given:
Length of organ pipe
L= 5 cm = 5 × 10−2 m
v = 340 m/s
The audible range is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
The fundamental frequency of an open organ pipe is:
f=v2LOn substituting the respective values ,we get:
f=3402×2×10-2=3.4 kHz(b) If the fundamental frequency is 3.4 kHz, then the highest harmonic in the audible range (20 Hz – 20 kHz) is
Required highest harmonic =
20,0003400=5.8=5
Question 46:
An electronically driven loudspeaker is placed near the open end of a resonance column apparatus. The length of air column in the tube is 80 cm. The frequency of the loudspeaker can be varied between 20 Hz and 2 kHz. Find the frequencies at which the column will resonate. Speed of sound in air = 320 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Length of air column in the tube l = 80 cm = 80 × 10−2 m
Speed of sound in air v = 320 ms−1
The frequency of the loudspeaker can be varied between 20 Hz to 2 KHz.
The resonance column apparatus is equivalent to a closed organ pipe.
Fundamental note of a closed organ pipe is given by:
f=v4l
⇒ f=3204×50×10-2=100 HzSo, the frequency of the other harmonics will be odd multiples of f = (2n+ 1)100 Hz.
According to the question, the harmonic should be between 20 Hz and 2 kHz.
∴ n = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….. 9)
Question 48:
A piston is fitted in a cylindrical tube of small cross section with the other end of the tube open. The tube resonates with a tuning fork of frequency 512 Hz. The piston is gradually pulled out of the tube and it is found that a second resonance occurs when the piston is pulled out through a distance of 32.0 cm. Calculate the speed of sound in the air of the tube.
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of tuning fork f = 512 Hz
Let the speed of sound in the tube be v.
Let l1 be the length at which the piston resonates for the first time and l2 be the length at which the piston resonates for the second time.
We have:
l2 =2l1 = 2
×32 = 64 cm =0.64 m
Velocity v = f
×l2
⇒v = 512 × 0.64 = 328 m/s
Hence, the speed of the sound in the tube is 328 m/s.
Question 49:
A U-tube having unequal arm-lengths has water in it. A tuning fork of frequency 440 Hz can set up the air in the shorter arm in its fundamental mode of vibration and the same tuning fork can set up the air in the longer arm in its first overtone vibration. Find the length of the air columns. Neglect any end effect and assume that the speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
Frequency of the tuning fork f = 440 Hz
For the shorter arm:
Let the length of the shorter arm of the tube beL1 .
Frequency of fundamental mode is given by:
f=v4L1
On substituting the respective values, we get:
440=3304L1 ⇒L1=330440×4=0.1875 m=18.8 cmFor the longer arm:
Let the length of the longer arm of the tube be L2 .
Frequency of the first overtone f = 440 Hz
Frequency of the first overtone is given by:
f=3v4L2On substituting the respective values, we get:
440=3×3304L2 ⇒L2=3×330440×4=0.563 m =56.3 cm
Question 50:
Consider the situation shown in figure.The wire which has a mass of 4.00 g oscillates in its second harmonic and sets the air column in the tube into vibrations in its fundamental mode. Assuming that the speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1, find the tension in the wire.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Length of the wire l = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Mass of the wire M = 4 g
Mass per unit length of wire
mis given by:
m=MassUnit length=10-2 kg/m
n0= frequency of the tuning fork
T = tension of the string
Fundamental frequency:
n0=12LTmFor second harmonic,
n1=2n0:
n1=22LTm …..i
n1= 2n0=3404×1=85 HzOn substituting the respective values in equation (i), we get:
85=22×0.4T10-2⇒T=(85)2×(0.4)2×10-2 =11.6 NewtonHence, the tension in the wire is 11.6 N.
Question 51:
A 30.0-cm-long wire having a mass of 10.0 g is fixed at the two ends and is vibrated in its fundamental mode. A 50.0-cm-long closed organ pipe, placed with its open end near the wire, is set up into resonance in its fundamental mode by the vibrating wire. Find the tension in the wire. Speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Mass of long wire M = 10 gm = 10 × 10−3
Length of wire l = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Speed of sound in air v = 340 m s−1
Mass per unit length
mis
m=MassUnit length=33×10-3kg/mLet the tension in the string be T.
The fundamental frequency
n0 for the closed pipe is
n0=v4I=3402×30×10-2=170 HzThe fundamental frequency
n0is given by:
n0=12lTmOn substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get:
170=12×30×10-2×T33×10-3⇒ T=347 NewtonHence, the tension in the wire is 347 N.
Question 52:
Show that if the room temperature changes by a small amount from T to T + ∆T, the fundamental frequency of an organ pipe changes from v to v + ∆v, where
∆vv=12∆TT.
Answer:
Let f be the frequency of an open pipe at a temperature T. When the fundamental frequency of an organ pipe changes from v to v + ∆v, the temperature changes from T to T + ∆T.
We know that:
ν∝ T …..i
According to the question,
ν+∆ν∝ ∆T+T.
Applying this in equation (i), we get:
ν+∆νν=∆T+TT
1+∆νν=1+∆TT1/2By expanding the right-hand side of the above equation using the binomial theorem, we get:
1+∆νν=1+12×∆TT(neglecting the higher terms)
∆νν=12∆TT
Page No 356:
Question 53:
The fundamental frequency of a closed pipe is 293 Hz when the air in it is a temperature of 20°C. What will be its fundamental frequency when the temperature changes to 22°C?
Answer:
Given:
The fundamental frequency of a closed pipe is 293 Hz. Let this be represented by f1.
Temperature of the air in closed pipe T1 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K
Let f2 be the frequency in the closed pipe when the temperature of the air is T2 .
∴​ T2 = 22°C = 22 + 273 = 295 K
Relation between f and T:
f∝T∴
f1f2=T1T2⇒ 293f2=293295⇒ f2=293×295293=294 Hz
Question 54:
A Kundt’s tube apparatus has a copper rod of length 1.0 m clamped at 25 cm from one of the ends. The tube contains air in which the speed of sound is 340 m s−1. The powder collects in heaps separated by a distance of 5.0 cm. Find the speed of sound waves in copper.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air
vair= 340 ms−1
Velocity of sound in Kundt‘s tube
vrod= ?
Length at which copper rod is clamped l = 25 cm = 25
×10-2 mDistance between the heaps
∆l= 5 cm =
5×10-2 mvrodvair=2l∆l⇒vrod = 2l∆l×vairOn substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get: vrod=340×25×10-2×25×10-2⇒ vrod=3400 m/s
Question 56:
A source of sound with adjustable frequency produces 2 beats per second with a tuning fork when its frequency is either 476 Hz of 480 Hz. What is the frequency of the tuning fork?
Answer:
Given:
First Frequency
f1 = 476 Hz
Second frequency
f2= 480 Hz
Number of beats produced per second by the tuning fork m = 2
As the tuning fork produces 2 beats, its frequency should be an average of two.
This is given by:
f=f1+f22f=476+4802=478 Hz
Question 57:
A tuning fork produces 4 beats per second with another tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz. The first one is now loaded with a little wax and the beat frequency is found to increase to 6 per second. What was the original frequency of the tuning fork?
Answer:
Frequency of tuning fork A:
n1= 256 Hz
No. of beats/second m = 4
Frequency of second fork B:
n2=?
n2=n1±m
⇒ n2=256±4
⇒ n2= 260 Hz or 252 Hz
Now, as it is loaded with wax, its frequency will decrease.
As it produces 6 beats per second, the original frequency must be 252 Hz.
260 Hz is not possible because on decreasing the frequency, the beats per second should decrease, which is not possible.
Question 58:
Calculate the frequency of beats produced in air when two sources of sound are activated, one emitting a wavelength of 32 cm and the other of 32.2 cm. The speed of sound in air is 350 m s−1.
Answer:
For source A:
Wavelength
λ= 32 cm = 32
×10
-2 m
Velocity v = 350 ms
-1
Frequency
n1is given by:
n1=vλ=35032×10-2=1093.75 HzFor source B:
Velocity v = 350 ms−1
Wavelength
λ= 32.2 cm = 32.2
×10
-2 m
Frequency
n2is given by:
n2=vλ=35032.2×10-2=1086.96 Hz∴ Beat frequency = 1093.75 − 1086.96 = 6.79 Hz
≈7 Hz
Question 59:
A tuning fork of unknown frequency makes 5 beats per second with another tuning fork which can cause a closed organ pipe of length 40 cm to vibrate in its fundamental mode. The beat frequency decreases when the first tuning fork is slightly loaded with wax. Find its original frequency. The speed of sound in air is 320 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Length of the closed organ pipe L = 40 cm = 40 × 10−2 m
Velocity of sound in air v = 320 ms−1
Frequency of the fundamental note of a closed organ pipe
nis given by:
n=v4L⇒​
n=v4L=3204×40×10-2=200 HzAs the tuning fork produces 5 beats with the closed pipe, its frequency must be 195 Hz or 205 Hz.
The frequency of the tuning fork decreases as and when it is loaded. Therefore, the frequency of the tuning fork should be 205 Hz.
Question 60:
A piano wire A vibrates at a fundamental frequency of 600 Hz. A second identical wire B produces 6 beats per second with it when the tension in A is slightly increased. Find the the ratio of the tension in A to the tension in B.
Answer:
Mass per unit length of both the wires​ = m
Fundamental frequency of wire of length
land tension
T is given by:
n=12ITmIt is clear from the above relation that as the tension increases, the frequency increases.
Fundamental frequency of wire A is given by:
nA=12ITAmFundamental frequency of wire B is given by:
nB=12ITBmIt is given that 6 beats are produced when the tension in A is increased.
⇒​
nA=606=12lTAmTherefore, the ratio can be obtained as:
nAnB=606600=1/2ITA/m1/2ITB/m⇒606600=TATB⇒ TATB=606600=1.01⇒ TATB=1.02
Question 61:
A tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz produces 4 beats per second with a wire of length 25 cm vibrating in its fundamental mode. The beat frequency decreases when the length is slightly shortened. What could be the minimum length by which the wire we shortened so that it produces no beats with the tuning fork?
Answer:
Given:
Length of the wire l = 25 cm = 25 × 10−2 m
Frequency of tuning fork
f= 256 Hz
Let T be the tension and m the mass per unit length of the wire.
Frequency of the fundamental note in the wire is given by:
f=12lTmIt is clear from the above relation that by shortening the length of the wire, the frequency of the vibrations increases.
In the first case:
256=12×25×10-2Tm …(1)Let the length of the wire be l1, after it is slightly shortened.
As the vibrating wire produces 4 beats with 256 Hz, its frequency must be 252 Hz or 260 Hz. Again, its frequency must be 252 Hz, as the beat frequency decreases on shortening the wire.
In the second case:
⇒ 252=12×I1Tm …(2)Dividing (2) by (1), we have:
252256=I125×10-2⇒ I1=252×25×10-2256 = 0.24609 mSo, it must be shortened by (25 − 24.61)
= 0.39 cm.
Question 62:
A traffic policeman standing on a road sounds a whistle emitting the main frequency of 2.00 kHz. What could be the apparent frequency heard by a scooter-driver approaching the policeman at a speed of 36.0 km h−1? Speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Velocity of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Velocity of scooter-driver
vo = 36 kmh−1 =
36×518 = 10 ms-1Frequency of sound of whistle
fo= 2 kHz
Apparent frequency
fheard by the scooter-driver approaching the policeman is given by:
f=v+vov×fo
f=340+10340×2 =350×2340 kHz = 2.06 kHz
Question 63:
The horn of a car emits sound with a dominant frequency of 2400 Hz. What will be the apparent dominant frequency heard by a person standing on the road in front of the car if the car is approaching at 18.0 km h−1? Speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of sound emitted by horn
f0= 2400 Hz
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Velocity of car
vs= 18 kmh−1 =
18×518 m/s= 5 m/s
Apparent frequency of sound
fis given by:
f=vv-vs×f0On substituting the values, we get:
f=340340-5×2400 =2436 Hz
Question 64:
A person riding a car moving at 72 km h−1 sound a whistle emitting a wave of frequency 1250 Hz. What frequency will be heard by another person standing on the road (a) in front of the car (b) behind the car? Speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of whistle
f0=1250 HzVelocity of car
vs= 72 kmh−1 =
72×518=20 ms-1Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
(a) When the car is approaching the person:
Frequency of sound heard by the person
f1 is given by:
f1=vv-vs×f0 On substituting the given values in the above equation, we have:
f1=340340-20×1250 =1328 Hz(b) When the person is behind the car:
Frequency of sound heard by the person
f2is given by:
f2=vv+vs×f0 On substituting the given values in the above equation, we have:
f2=340340+20×1250 =340360×1250=1181 Hz
Question 65:
A train approaching a platform at a speed of 54 km h−1 sounds a whistle. An observer on the platform finds its frequency to be 1620 Hz. the train passes the platform keeping the whistle on and without slowing down. What frequency will the observer hear after the train has crossed the platform? The speed of sound in air = 332 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v= 332 ms−1
Velocity of train
vs= 54 kmh−1 =
54×518 m/s=15 m/sLet
f0 be the original frequency of the train.
When the train approaches a platform, the frequency of sound heard by the observer
fis given by:
f=vv-vs×f0On substituting the values, we have:
1620=332332-15f0⇒ f0=1620×317332 Hz.When the train crosses the platform, the frequency of sound heard by the observer
f1is given by:
f1=vv+vs×f0Substituting the respective values in the above formula, we have:
f1=332332+15×1620×317332 =317347×1620=1480 Hz
Question 67:
A bullet passes past a person at a speed of 220 m s−1. Find the fractional change in the frequency of the whistling sound heard by the person as the bullet crosses the person. Speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of bullet
vs= 220 ms−1
Speed of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
Let the frequency of the bullet be f.
Apparent frequency heard by the person
f1before crossing the bullet is given by:
f1=vv-vs×fOn substituting the values, we get:
f1=330330-220×f=3f ….1Apparent frequency heard by the person
f2after crossing the bullet is given by:
f2=vv+vs×fOn substituting the values, we get:
f2=330330+220×f=0.6f …..2So,
f2f1=0.6f3f=0.2∴ Fractional change = 1 − 0.2 = 0.8
Question 69:
A violin player riding on a slow train plays a 440 Hz note. Another violin player standing near the track plays the same note. When the two are closed by and the train approaches the person on the ground, he hears 4.0 beats per second. The speed of sound in air = 340 m s−1. (a) Calculate the speed of the train. (b) What beat frequency is heard by the player in the train?
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of violins
f0= 440 Hz
Speed of sound in air v = 340 ms−1
Let the velocity of the train (sources) be vs.
(a) Beat heard by the standing man = 4
∴ frequency
f1 = 440 + 4
= 444 Hz or 436 Hz
Now,
f1=340340-vs×f0On substituting the values, we have:
444=340+0340-vs×440 ⇒ 444340-vs=440×340
⇒340×444-440=440×vs⇒340×4=440×vs⇒vs =3.09 m/s=11 km/h(b) The sitting man will listen to fewer than 4 beats/s.
Question 70:
Two identical tuning forks vibrating at the same frequency 256 Hz are kept fixed at some distance apart. A listener runs between the forks at a speed of 3.0m s−1 so that he approaches one tuning fork and recedes from the other figure. Find the beat frequency observed by the listener. Speed of sound in air = 332 m s−1.
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 332 ms−1
Velocity of the observer
v0= 3 ms
-1
Velocity of the source
vs= 0
Frequency of the tuning forks
f0= 256 Hz
The apparent frequency
f1heard by the man when he is running towards the tuning forks is
f1=v+v0v×f0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f1=332+3332×256=258.3 HzThe apparent frequency
f2heard by the man when he is running away from the tuning forks is
f2=v-v0v×f0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f2=332-3332×256 =253.7 Hz.∴ beats produced by them
=
f2-f1 =258.3 − 253.7 = 4.6 Hz
Question 71:
Figure shows a person standing somewhere in between two identical tuning forks. each vibrating at 512 Hz. If both the tuning forks move towards right a speed of 5.5 m s−1, find the number of beats heard by the listener. Speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1.
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of tuning forks
f0 = 512 Hz
Speed of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
Velocity of tuning forks
vs= 5.5 ms−1
The apparent frequency
f1 heard by the person from the tuning fork on the left is given by:
f1=vv-vs×f0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f1=330330-55×512 =520.68 HzSimilarly, apparent frequency
f2 heard by the person from the tuning fork on the right is given by:
f2=vv-vs×f0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f2=330330-5.5×512 =503.60 Hz∴ beats produced
=
f1-f2= 520.68 − 503.60 = 17.5 Hz
As the difference is greater than 10 ( persistence of sound for the human ear is 1/10 of a second), the sound gets overlapped and the observer is not able to distinguish between the sounds and the beats.
Page No 357:
Question 72:
A small source of sound vibrating at frequency 500 Hz is rotated in a circle of radius 100/π cm at a constant angular speed of 5.0 revolutions per second. A listener situation situates himself in the plane of the circle. Find the minimum and the maximum frequency of the sound observed. Speed of sound in air = 332 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 332 ms−1
Radius of the circle r =
100πcm =
1πm
Frequency of sound of the source
f0= 500 Hz
Angular speed
ω= 5 rev/s
Linear speed of the source is given by:
v=ωr⇒
v=5×1π=5π=1.59 m/s ∴ velocity of source
vs= 1.59 m/s
Let X be the position where the observer will listen at a maximum and Y be the position where he will listen at the minimum frequency.

Apparent frequency
f1at X is given by:
f1=vv-vsf0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f1=332332-1.59×500≈515 HzApparent frequency
f2at Y is given by:
f2=vv+vsf0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f2=332332+1.59×500≈485 Hz
Question 73:
Two trains are travelling towards each other both at a speed of 90 km h−1. If one of the trains sounds a whistle at 500 Hz, what will be the apparent frequency heard in the other train? Speed of sound in air = 350 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 350 ms−1
Velocity of source
vs= 90 km/hour =
90×518= 25 m/s
Velocity of observer
v0= 25 m/s
Frequency of whistle
f0= 500 Hz
Apparent frequency
f heard by the observer in train B is given by:
f=v-v0v-vsf0On substituting the respective values in the above equation, we get:
f=350+25350-25×500=577 HzThe apparent frequency heard in the other train is 577 Hz.
Question 75:
A car moving at 108 km h−1 finds another car in front it going in the same direction at 72 km h−1. The first car sounds a horn that has a dominant frequency of 800 Hz. What will be the apparent frequency heard by the driver in the front car? Speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of car sounding a horn
vs= 108 km/h =
108×518 m/s= 30 m/s
Velocity of front car
v0= 72 kmh−1 =
72×518 = 20 m/sFrequency of sound emitted by horn
f0= 800 Hz
Velocity of air v = 330 ms−1
Apparent frequency of sound heard by driver in the front car (
f) is given by:
f=v-v0v-vsf0On substituting the values in the above equation, we get:
f=330-20330-30×800=826.67≃827 Hz
Question 76:
Two submarines are approaching each other in a calm sea. The first submarine travels at a speed of 36 km h−1 and the other at 54 km h−1 relative to the water. The first submarine sends a sound signal (sound waves in water are also called sonar) at a frequency of 2000 Hz. (a) At what frequency is this signal received from the second submarine. At what frequency is this signal received by the first submarine. Take the speed of of the sound wave in water to be 1500 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of water v = 1500 m/s
Frequency of sound signal
f0= 2000 Hz
Velocity of first submarine vs = 36 kmh−1 =
36×518 m/s= 10 m/s
Velocity of second submarine
v0= 54 km h−1 =
54×518m/s = 15 m/s
Frequency received by the first submarine
f1is given by:
f1 =v + v0v – vsf0On substituting the values, we get:
f1 =1500+151500-10×(2000) = 2034 Hz(b) Here,
f0 = 2034 Hz.
Apparent frequency received by second submarine
f2is given by:
f2 =1500+101500-15×(2034) =2068 Hz
Question 77:
A small source of sound oscillates in simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of 17 cm. A detector is placed along the line of motion of the source. The source emits a sound of frequency 800 Hz which travels at a speed of 340 m s−1. If the width of the frequency band detected by the detector is 8 Hz, find the time period of the source.
Answer:
Given:
Amplitude r = 17 cm =
17100= 0.17 m
Frequency of sound emitted by source f = 800 Hz
Velocity of sound
v= 340 m/s
Frequency band = f2
–f1= 8 Hz
Here,
f2and
f1correspond to the maximum and minimum apparent frequencies (Both will be at the mean position because the velocity is maximum).
Now, f1=340340+vsf and f2=340340-vsf ∴ f2-f1=8⇒ 8 =340340 – vsf-340340 + vsf⇒ 8 = 340f1340-vs-1340+vs⇒ 8 =340×800×2vs3402 – vs2⇒ 2vs3402-vs2=8340×800⇒ 3402-vs2=68000 vsSolving for vs, we get:
vs = 1.695 m/s
For SHM:
vs=rω⇒ ω=1.6950.17=10∴ T=2πw=π5=0.63 sec
Question 78:
A boy riding on his bike is going towards east at a speed of 4√2 m s−1. At a certain point he produces a sound pulse of frequency 1650 Hz that travels in air at a speed of 334 m s−1. A second boy stands on the ground 45° south of east from his. Find the frequency of the pulse as received by the second boy.
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of pulse produced by the bike
f0= 1650 Hz
Velocity of bike
vb= 4
2ms−1
Velocity of sound in air v = 334 ms−1
Frequency of pulse received by the second boy
f= ?
Velocity of an observer
v0= 0
Velocity of source will be:
vs = vbcosθ =
42×cos45°
=
42×12 = 4 ms-1Frequency of pulse received by the second boy is given by:
f=vv – vsf0 =334334 – 4×1650 =1670 Hz
Question 79:
A sound source, fixed at the origin, is continuously emitting sound at a frequency of 660 Hz. The sound travels in air at a speed of 330 m s−1. A listener is moving along the lien x = 336 m at a constant speed of 26 m s−1. Find the frequency of the sound as observed by the listener when he is (a) at y = − 140 m, (b) at y = 0 and (c) at y = 140 m.
Answer:
Given:
Frequency of sound emitted by the source
n0= 660 Hz
Velocity of sound in air v = 330 ms
-1
Velocity of observer
v0= 26 ms−1
Frequency of sound heard by observer n = ?
(a) At y = 140 m:
Frequency of sound heard by the listener, when the source is fixed but the listener is moving towards the source:
n=v+v0v n0Here,
v0 = v0cosθOn substituting the values, we get:
n=v+v0cosθv n0=330+26×140364330×660=340×2=680 Hz(b) When the observer is at y = 0, the velocity of the observer with respect to the source is zero.
Therefore, he will hear at a frequency of 660 Hz.
(c) When the observer is at y = 140 m:
n=v-v0v×n0
Here,
v0 = v0cosθ
On substituting the values, we get:
n = 330-26×140364330×660n = 330-10330×660=640 Hz
Question 80:
A train running at 108 km h−1 towards east whistles at a dominant frequency of 500 Hz. Speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. What frequency will a passenger sitting near the open window hear? (b) What frequency will a person standing near the track hear whom the train has just passed? (c) A wind starts blowing towards east at a speed of 36 km h−1. Calculate the frequencies heard by the passenger in the train and by the person standing near the track.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 340 m/s
Velocity of source vs = 108 kmh
-1 =
108×100060×60=30 ms-1Frequency of the source
n0= 500 Hz
(a) Since the velocity of the passenger with respect to the train is zero, he will hear at a frequency of 500 Hz.
(b) Since the observer is moving away from the source while the source is at rest:
Velocity of observer
vo= 0
Frequency of sound heard by person standing near the track is given by:
n=vv+vsn0 Substituting the values, we get:
n=340340+30×500=459 Hz(c) When medium (wind) starts blowing towards the east:
Velocity of medium vm = 36 kmh
-1 =
36×518 = 10 ms-1 The frequency heard by the passenger is unaffected (= 500 Hz).
However, frequency heard by person standing near the track is given by:
n=v+vmv+vm+vs×n0 =340+10340+10+30×500 =458 Hz
Question 81:
A boy riding on a bicycle going at 12 km h−1 towards a vertical wall whistles at his dog on the ground. If the frequency of the whistle is 1600 Hz and the speed of sound in air is 330 m s−1, find (a) the frequency of the whistle as received by the wall (b) the frequency of the reflected whistle as received by the boy.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
(a) Frequency of whistle
n0= 1600 Hz
Velocity of source vs = 12 km/h =
12×518=103 ms-1 Velocity of an observer
v0= 0 ms−1
Frequency of whistle received by wall n = ?
Frequency of sound received by the observer is given by:
n = v + v0v – vs×n0On substituting the respective values in the above formula, we get:
n=330+0330-103×1600=1616 Hz(b) Here,
Velocity of observer
v0=
103 ms-1 Velocity of source vs = 0
Frequency of source
n0= 1616 Hz
Frequency of sound heard by observer is
n=v+v0v+vs×n0 On substituting the respective values in the above formula, we get:
=330+103330+0×1616=1632 Hz
Question 82:
A person standing on a road sends a sound signal to the driver of a car going away from him at a speed of 72 km h−1. The signal travelling at 330 m s−1 in air and having a frequency of 1600 Hz gets reflected from the body of the car and returns. Find the frequency of the reflected signal as heard by the person.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
Frequency of signal emitted by the source
n0= 1600 Hz
Velocity of sourcevs = 72 kmh−1 =
72×518 = 20 ms-1As the sound gets reflected, therefore:
Velocity of source ( vs ) = Velocity of observer ( vL )
Velocity of sound heard by the observer is given by:
n=v+vLv-vs×n0On substituting the values, we get:
n = 330-20330+20×1600=1417 HzThe frequency of the reflected signal as heard by the person is 1417 Hz.
Question 83:
A car moves with a speed of 54 km h−1 towards a cliff. The horn of the car emits sound of frequency 400 Hz at a speed of 335 m s−1. (a) Find the wavelength of the sound emitted by the horn in front of the car. (b) Find the wavelength of the wave reflected from the cliff. (c) What frequency does a person sitting in the car hear for the reflected sound wave? (d) How many beats does he hear in 10 seconds between the sound coming directly from the horn and that coming after the reflection?
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of car
vcar= 54 kmh−1 =
54×518=15 ms-1Frequency of the car f = 400 Hz
Velocity of sound in air
vair= 335 ms−1
Wavelength in front of the car
λ= ?
(a) Net velocity in front of the car
v=
vcar-vair= 335
-15 = 320 m/s
As v=fλ,∴ λ=vf
⇒λ=320400=80 cm(b) The frequency
f1 heard near the cliff is given by:
f1=vairvair+vcar×f0⇒f1=335335+5×400⇒f1=335×400320 Hz⇒f1=418.75 HzAs we know,
v=fλ.
Wavelength reflected from the cliff is λ=vf1=335418.75=80 cm(c) Here,
v0= 15 ms
-1.
Frequency of the reflected sound wave
f2heard by the person sitting in the car:
f2=v+v0v×f1⇒f2=335+15335×335320×400⇒f2=437 Hz(d) He will not hear any beat in 10 seconds because the difference of frequencies is greater than 10 (persistence of sound for the human ear is 1/10 of a second).
Question 84:
An operator sitting in his base camp sends a sound signal of frequency 400 Hz. The signal is reflected back from a car moving towards him. The frequency of the reflected sound is found to be 410 Hz. Find the speed of the car. Speed of sound in air = 324 m s−1
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 324 ms−1
Frequency of sound sent by source
n0= 400 Hz
Let the speed of the car be x m/s.
The frequency of sound heard at the car n is given by:
n=v+vcarv×n0⇒ n=324+x324×400 …..1 If
n1is the frequency of sound heard by the operator, then its value is given by:
n1=324324-x×n
410=324324-x×n On substituting the value of n from equation (1), we have:
410=324324-x×324+x324×400⇒ 410=324+x324-x×400⇒ 410 324-x=400324+x⇒ 324 410-400=810x⇒ x=4 m/s The speed of the car is 4 m/s.
Question 85:
Figure shows a source of sound moving along X-axis at a speed of 22 m s−1 continuously emitting a sound of frequency 2.0 kHz which travels in air at a speed of 330 m s−1. A listener Q stands on the Y-axis at a distance of 330 m from the origin. At t = 0, the sources crosses the origin P. (a) When does the sound emitted from the source at P reach the listener Q? (b) What will be the frequency heard by the listener at this instant? (c) Where will the source be at this instant?
Figure
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
Distance travelled by the sound s = 330 m
Frequency of the sound n = 2 kHz
(a) Velocity v =
st
∴ Time t =
330330 = 1 s(b) The frequency of sound heard by the listener is 2 kHz.
(Since frequency does not depend on distance.)
(c) s = 22 m (= 22 m/s
×1 s) away from P on x-axis.
Question 86:
A source emitting sound at frequency 4000 Hz, is moving along the Y-axis with a speed of 22 m s−1. A listener is situated on the ground at the position (660 m, 0). Find the frequency of the sound received by the listener at the instant the source crosses the origin. Speed of sound in air = 330 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Speed of sound in air v = 330 ms−1
Frequency of sound
f0= 4000 Hz
Velocity of source
vs= 22 m/s
The apparent frequency heard by the listener
f= ?
At t = 0, let the source be at a distance of y from the origin. Now, the time taken by the sound
to reach the listener is the same as the time taken by the sound to reach the origin.
∴​
y22=660+y2330⇒ 15y2=6602+y2⇒ 224y2=6602⇒y=660224Velocity of source along the line joining the source
Sand listener
L:
vscosθ=
22.y660+y2=22y15y=2215Frequency heard by the listener
fis
f=vv-vs cosθ×f0⇒f=330330-2215×4000
⇒f= 4017.85 ≈ 4018 Hz
Question 87:
A source of sound emitting a 1200 Hz note travels along a straight line at a speed of 170 m s−1. A detector is placed at a distance 200 m from the line of motion of the source. (a) Find the frequency of sound receive by the detector at the instant when the source gets closest to it. (b) Find the distance between the source and the detector at the instant in detects the frequency 1200 Hz. Velocity of sound in air = 340 m s−1.
Answer:
Given:
Velocity of the source
vs= 170 m/s
Frequency of the source
f0= 1200 Hz
(a)
As shown in the figure,
the time taken by the sound to reach the listener is the same as the time taken by the sound to reach the point of intersection.
y170=2002+y2340⇒ 2y2=2002+y2⇒ 4y2-y2=2002⇒3y2=2002⇒y=2003Frequency of source will be:
vscosθ=
170.y2002+y2=170×12=85The frequency of sound
fheard by the detector is given by:
f=vv-vs cos v×f0⇒f=340340-170×12×1200⇒f=1600 Hz(b) The detector will detect a frequency of 1200 Hz at a minimum distance.
200340=x170⇒ x=100 m∴ Distance
=2002+x2=2002+1002=224 m
Question 89:
A source emitting a sound of frequency v is placed at a large distance from an observer. The source starts moving towards the observer with a uniform acceleration a. Find the frequency heard by the observer corresponding to the wave emitted just after the source starts. The speed of sound in the medium is v.
Answer:
Let d bethe initial distance between the source and the observer.
If v is the speed of sound emitted by the observer, then the time taken by the sound to reach the observer is given by:
T1 = d/v
The source is also moving. Therefore, at t = T, itmoves a distance of (s) and is given by:
s=0×T+12aT2Time taken by the pulse to reach the observer:
d-12aT2vTime difference
∆tbetween the two pulses:
T+d-12aT2v-dv=
T-aT22vOn replacing u =
1T,
the apparent frequency will be:
1∆t=
2uv22uv-a.
Chapterwise HC Verma Solutions Class 11 Physics :
- Chapter 1 – Introduction to Physics
- Chapter 2 – Physics and Mathematics
- Chapter 3 – Rest and Motion: Kinematics
- Chapter 4 – The Forces
- Chapter 5 – Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Chapter 6 – Friction
- Chapter 7 – Circular Motion
- Chapter 8 – Work and Energy
- Chapter 9 – Center of Mass, Linear Momentum, Collision
- Chapter 10 – Rotational Mechanics
- Chapter 11 – Gravitation
- Chapter 12 – Simple Harmonic Motion
- Chapter 13 – Fluid Mechanics
- Chapter 14 – Some Mechanical Properties of Matter
- Chapter 15 – Wave Motion and Wave on a String
- Chapter 16 – Sound Wave
- Chapter 17 – Light Waves
- Chapter 18 – Geometrical Optics
- Chapter 19 – Optical Instruments
- Chapter 20 – Dispersion and Spectra
- Chapter 21 – Speed of Light
- Chapter 22 – Photometry
About the Author – HC Verma
HC Verma, the author of many popular and well-renowned Physics books, was born on 8 April 1952. Passing out from one of the most prestigious colleges of the country, IIT Kanpur, he worked as an experimental physicist in the Department of Nuclear Physics.
His most famous works which he is known for include the two-volume Concepts of Physics. He also worked for the social upliftment of the economically weaker children through his organization named Shiksha Sopan. He is also the recipient of the Padma Shri, which is considered India’s fourth-highest civilian award. He received the same because of his contribution and valuable work in the field of Physics.