Part 1
- Yeast lacks amylase so complex carbohydrates are degraded to sugar by addition of 1 %malt with fungus Rhizopus.
- Immobilized enzymes are more effective as they bring rapid fermentation.
- Monoclonal antibodies are administered as immune suppressant in kidney transplantsas immune cells, which mediate rejection of graft, are suppressed by the antibodies.
- Interferons are proteins effective against most virus-they interact with adjacent cell &make them resistant to attack.
- Bacteria cannot be made to synthesize insulin from its gene because of introns & theydo not possess enzyme for removing intron mediated transcription.
- Combined pills inhibit Ovulation by inhibiting normal release of FSH & LH frompituitary.
- Absorption H_2 O is retarded at low temperature due to increased viscosity of H_2 O &decreased metabolic activity of root-cells
- Anti-diabetic effect of garlic is due to presence of sulphur containing amino acids-allcysteine sulfoxide.
- Plants arid Zone with adaption to reduce the (SACS) rate of transpiration exhibit slowrate of growth.
- In tropical areas as that-present-in India manures are very rapidly oxidized. Manuresare higher than that in temperate areas.
- Why cholera patients are provided with saline drips-not ions help to retain water in thebody & selective Transport through plasma membrane.
- One major difficulty in the biological control of insect pars-is that-predator develops apreference to other diets & may itself become a post.
- Honey that has a high concentration of sugar not decay because-Bacteria cannot survivein an active stale in solution of high osmoses as water is drawn not from honey.
- People who live at high antinode have rosy cheeks because of higher haemoglobinconcentration become considerably above the average in sponge to power oxygenpressure.
- Possibility of living structure coming from other planet is remote because of hightemperature & lethal radiations in the interstellar space.
- Sharks retain large amount of urea in the blood & so blood՚s osmotic pressureapproaches that of seawater & minimizes water loss from body.
- Liver push the right kidney slightly down so right kidney is slightly lower than the left.
- Cystitis is more common in females due to short urethra.
- Urine cannot pass back into the ureter due to obliquity of apertures.
- To prevent collapsing of lungs trachea are brined internally by chitinous cuticle calledintima, which has spiral thickening to form taenidiae. The tracheal are not lined byintima but protein trachea.
- Fishes ′ efficiency is due to structure of gills, arrangement of blood circulation throughthem & continuous flow of water across gills at all stages of respiration.
- Water is denser than air so fish has to make greater muscular effort to maintain its flow.
Part 2
- At high temperature animal needs more oxygen Available as water warmer area containless oxygen
- Left lung is smaller than right due to presence of cardiac notch in which heart is present
- Surfactant lecithin files are present on the alveoli of that lowers the surface tension &keeps it open. In new born babies it may not be present & lead to collapsing of lungs.
- During inspiration intra abdominal pressure increase & intra thoracic pressure decrease& the blood returns from abdomen to thorax.
- At high altitudes oxygen concentration decrease so it is more difficult to breathe so rateof breathing increase & have more RBC.
- Mercury is used in anaerobic respiration as it-does not react with carbon dioxide
- Fruits & seeds are stored at low temperature to reduce rasp rate.
- Pygmies are short due to the faulty plasma member growth hormone receptors &cannot interact with the growth hormone.
- Cholera release toxin that interferes with the proper functioning of ademylate Cyclase,sodium ion & water leave intestinal cells & individual die of severe diahhroea.
- Lytic fibrosis due to faulty chloride channel a thick mucus collects in airways &pancreatic & liver ducts.
- Eating raw fish may cause paralysis due to deficiency of B1 as its muscles contain anenzyme to digest thiamin.
- Hemophilia due not occur in females due to deficiency of thromboplastic.
- Blue whales muscles are charged heavily with myoglobin this gives it a characteristicdark colour & device to facilitate tissue oxidation during tremendous dives.
- Spray oil on stagnant water controls malaria as they cannot breathe (larva՚s)
- Wine turns sour due to anaerobe bacteria.
- Sugarcane varieties are mostly sterile because they are aneuploids.
- In plasmodium gametocytes are formal by trophozore in RCB of man. They do notdevelop fully in RBC because of high temperature of blood.
- Grittiness of pulp of sapota is due Steroids.
- Birth control pills check ovulation by inhibiting secretion of FSH & LH
- Walls of DCT & collecting tube are permeable due to ADH
- Fruits of watermelon are big in them great supply of food occurs due to bicollateralphloem.
- Cyt c & Hb help in O2 transport as both have affinity for oxygen.
- DNA GC pain are more stable & denatured at higher temp as compared to AT base paindue to 3 strong hydrogen bonds in GC pain when 2 strong bonds are present in AT basepain.
- Value of numerical aperture more than 1 can be obtained by filling space between object& lens with cedar wood oil as it has refractive index of 1.5.
- Food can be preserved for long at low temperature as neither microbial nor enzymeaction taken place at low temperature.
- Malonate inhibits activity of succinate dehydrogenase, as it closely resembles instructure to it.
- Membrane structure is fluid-Kinless in fatty acid tail prevent close packing of themolecules.
Part 3
- Cell wall is permeable. Inter space allows free passage of ions in & out:
- Lysosomes maintain pH = 5, hydrogen ions pumped in by special protein transportmechanism.
- Tenoplast = fully permeable.
- Lethal genes are transmitted as recessive & individuals carrying dominant lethal genesdo not survive.
- Larger the recombination frequency, less accurate is the measure of map distance as across over in one is likely to affect another.
- Triplods are propagated vegetatively as they are sterile.
- Deletions of pollen are not of much consequence in polyploidy as then are several setsof characteristics in pollen of polyploid plants.
- B chromosomes are absent in well adopted agronomic stains due to selection.
- Loops of lamp brush chromosomes are rich in RNA & protein as they synthesis theabove:
- Polytene chromosomes have dark band alternate to light bands due to alignedchromomeres.
- In cell cycle, nuclear envelope break down in M phase as protein kinase phosphorylatesthe proteins.
- Each chromosome must carry many factors. Number of characters of an originationvastly outnumbers the chromosomes.
- For studying mutations, haploid are suitable than diploids as they have half of thegenome.
- DNA gyrase is essential for DNA replication in prokaryotes. It remove positivesupercoils, which accumulate in front of replication fork.
- A plasmid vector must be cleaved by the same enzyme, which cleaves the donor gene. Apiece of DNA, cut by a restriction enzyme forms bonds with other DNA molecule whichhave been cut by the same restriction enzyme.
- Euglena shows mixotrophic life style. Euglena is autotrophic in sunlight &heterotrophic in absent of light.
- In life of most land plants, the sporophyte generation dominates as presence of vasculartissue is feature of sporophytic generation.
- When starter cultures of streptococcus lactic are added to milk, lactic acid productionstop within 30 minute. Bacteriophages destroy bacteria.
- Distribution of receptor protein on host cell is crucial for tissue & host specificity ofbacteriophage cap of virus to infect a cell depends on the ability to bind to cell wall.
- Endospore is a resting stage in life cycle of bacteria. It is formed in only those, which areadequately supplied with food & energy.
- Most fungi survive only under high condition of humidity. Water is essential formolecule resulting from extracellular digestion of food particle across fungal cell wall.
- It is advisable to incorporate forest soil along with a forest tree when it is transplantedto a treeless area. Addiction of forest soil to tree less soil ensures mycorrhizaldevelopment with tree.
- Walls of diatoms are indestructible made of cellulose + silica.
Part 4
- Brown algae are not damped when waves beat them against rocks in the ocean due topresence of phycocolloids in their cell walls.
- Red algae are deepest in seas as they have phycoerythin, which can capture blue greenlight reaching greatest depth in seas.
- Algae blooms deplete dissolved oxygen levels in polluted water bodies & increase bioproduction of water bodies due to algal blooms.
- After forest fire, ferns are often the first plant to appear. Rhizome of fern survives theforest fire & develops new leaves.
- Conifers are able to reduce loss of water by transpiration. A conifer needle promotes astreamlined flow of air.
- Conifers needles require lesser water for cooling by evaporation as compared to youngfern fronds. As life size, increase the amount of cooling by conduction decreases.
- It is possible to identify nodes of a stem as leaves arise from nodes.
- Mango tree appears dome shaped. In mango the growth of main stem slows down aftersometime.
- It is possible to distinguish leaf from a leaflet bud is never present in axil of a leaflet.
- It is advisable to harvest radish at the end of first year of growth itself. The entire foodstored in radish is drawn up into the inflorescence by the end of second year.
- Inspite of absence of nuclei, seive tubes continue live. A companion cell is associatedwith each seive tube.
- Seive tube & companion cells are called sister cells. They arise from same mother cells.
- Wood is made of xylem not phloem. All old phloem cells are periodically sloughed off:
- Pollen grains are well preserved during pollination
- Plants of family papilionaceae are used in crop rotation as they have root nodules.
- Ovary of cucurbits is unilocular but appears trilocular as placenta intrudes making theovary appear trilocular.
- Barley flour cannot be used for bread as it contains little or no gluten.
- Vegetable prevents constipation as they have high percentage of roughage.
- Rate of transpiration is indirect measure of photosynthesis as it indicates degree &period of stomatal opening.
- Plant of arid region with adaptation to reduce transpiration usually show body growthredaction in degree & period of stomatal opening.
- Uptake of minerals is specific carrier proteins have specific sites for binding ions thatare to be transported.
- When roots are deprived of O2 they show drop in active absorption of minerals foractive absorption energy is needed obtained from ATP.
- P680 is responsible for photolysis of water. When it is missing electrons it becomes astrong oxidizer & pulls electrons out of water.
- Chloroplast can synthesis glucose in ab light if both ATP & NADPH are supplied withCO2 the only product of light reaction required in dark reaction are NADPH & ATP.
Part 5
- Cyanide is a poison it forms complex with Cyt a3 preventing the transfer of electronfrom carrier to oxygen.
- Glycolysis is turned off when ATP is present in adequate amounts. It is allostericinhibiton of enzyme phosphor fructokinase.
- Rate of glucose consumption decrease when yeast that has been maintained underanaerobic condition is exposed to oxygen. In presence of oxygen, glucose utilization ismore effective.
- Senescence is delayed by cytokine in plants as it prevents breakdown of chlorophyll &protein & nucleic acid.
- Estuaries have low productivity as water is turbid.
- Exocrine producing desert are spaced distantly. Allelopathy causes growth inhibition.
- Cell coat is made up of oligosaccharides, which act as recognition center during organtransplantation.
- Female Anopheles sucks human blood to use blood proteins for its eggs formation. Malemosquitoes feed on nectar.
- Ripened fruit become soft due to the pectates of middle lamella solubilize on ripening.
- Fruit rotting is due to activity of the enzyme polymethylgalacturonate.
- Maize is known as the pampered com because it needs human help for all its activities.
- Hydra cannot digest starch due to absence of amylase enzyme.
- Human placenta is exceptional in allowing mutual exchange of leucocefter & plateletsbetween mother & foetus in both vitalize & allantoic placentation trophoblastic villipush out from the surface of chorion & invade uterine lining increase the surface areafor exchange of solute molecules.
- Disorders such as scrapies, madcow are caused by prion. The built up occurs in braincausing neurodegenerative disorders.
- Poorly developed root synthesis is found is hydrophytes as it help to avoid extra waterabsorption.
- Epithelial cells in each in each alveolus are specialized to secrete surfactant-it is alipoprotein & coats inner surface of alveoli & reduce surface tension in each alveolus.
- Fruits & seeds should be of lightweight to be dispersed by wind so that buoyancy offruits & seeds help them to fly up long distances.
- Tropical dense forests are due to high temperature & excess rains.
- Arthropods Annelids & Mollusca are all protostonial coelomate as the adults havebilateral synthesis, tube within tube body plan & organs derived from 3 germs layers.
- Rate of diffusion is increased if temperature increase as it causes increase in kineticmotion of diffusing particles.
- Cycads were prevalent during Jurassic perianal owing to the prevalence of cycads theJurassic period is known as age of cycads.
- Effusion of serious fluid into air vesicles of lungs is called as pulmonary edema. Itoccurs when the cardiac output is reduced in pulmonary circulation, fluid moves fromthe legs cap into air vesicles of lungs.
- Seed dormancy in legume & trigonella is due to impermeability to water.
- Seed dormancy in Xanthium is due to impermeable to oxygen.
- Lamarck theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics of is not proved becausechange in somatic chromosomes does not change germ plats.
- Legumes do not do well in acidic coil as the bacterial population is reduced.
- Unripe fruits are hard due to middle lamella.
- Polyploidy with odd number of genome are sexually sterile as they cannot form synapsis
- Barr body is produced due to partial inactivation of one X chromosome & developmentof facultation heterochromatin in it.
- Pseudogenes have homology to functional genes but are unable to produce functionalproduction due to intervening sense codons.
- Processed genes are non-functional as they lack promoters.
- Phage DNA & mRNA are protected from the nucleases due to methylation of cytosinebases.
- In stomach digestion of carbohydrate stops as enzyme Ptyalin is rendered inactive dueto high acidity of gastric juices of stomach.
- Aspirin should not be taken empty stomach as it may cause stomach bleeding.