HC Verma Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 28 - Heat Transfer

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Contents

1 HC Verma Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 28 – Heat Transfer
2 Chapterwise HC Verma Solutions Class 12 Physics :
3 About the Author – HC Verma

HC Verma Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 28 – Heat Transfer

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Page No 96:

Question 1:

The heat current is written as

∆Q∆t. Why don’t we write

dQdt?

Answer:

The amount of heat crossing through any cross-section of a slab in time

∆tis called heat current.
It is written as

∆Q∆tand not as complete derivative

dQdt. This is because the amount of heat crossing through any cross section is a function of many variables like temperature difference, area of cross-section, etc. So, we cannot write it as a complete derivative with respect to time.

Question 2:

Does a body at 20°C radiate in a room, where the room temperature is 30°C? If yes, why does its temperature not fall further?

Answer:

Yes, the body will radiate. However, its temperature will not fall down with time because as the temperature of the surroundings is greater than the temperature of the body so, its rate of absorption will be greater than its rate of emission.

Page No 97:

Question 3:

Why does blowing over a spoonful of hot tea cools it? Does evaporation play a role? Does radiation play a role?

Answer:

Here, major role is played by convection. When we blow air over a spoonful of hot tea, the air coming from our mouth has less temperature than the air above the tea. Since hot air has less density, it rises up and cool air goes down. In this way, the tea cools down.
We know that any hot body radiates. So, the spoonful of tea will also radiate and as the temperature of the surrounding is less then the tea, the tea will cool down with time. Evaporation is also involved in this. On blowing over the hot tea, rate of evaporation increases and the cools down.

Question 4:

On a hot summer day we want to cool our room by opening the refrigerator door and closing all the windows and doors. Will the process work?

Answer:

No. When the door of the refrigerator is left open in a closed room, the heat given out by the refrigerator to the room will be more than that taken from the room. Therefore, instead of decreasing, the temperature of the room will increase at a slower rate.

Question 5:

On a cold winter night you are asked to sit on a chair. Would you like to choose a metal chair or a wooden chair? Both are kept in the same lawn and are at the same temperature.

Answer:

We will prefer to seat on a wooden chair because as the conductivity of wood is poorer than that of metal, heat flow from our body to the chair will be less in case of a wooden chair.

Question 6:

Two identical metal balls one at T₁ = 300 K and the other at T₂ = 600 K are kept at a distance of 1 m in a vacuum. Will the temperatures equalise by radiation? Will the rate of heat gained by the colder sphere be proportional to

T24 – T14as may be expected from the Stefan’s law?

Answer:

Yes, the temperature of the balls can be equalised by radiation. This is because both the spheres will emit radiations in all the directions at different rates.
The ball kept at the temperature of 300 K will gain some thermal energy by the radiation emitted by the ball kept at the temperature of 600 K. Also, it losses energy by radiation.
Similarly, the ball kept at the temperature of 600 K will gain some thermal energy by the radiation emitted by the ball kept at the temperature of 600 K. Also, it losses energy by radiation.
A time comes when the temperature of both the bodies becomes equal.

Yes, the rate of heat gained by the colder sphere is proportional to

T24 – T14.

Question 7:

An ordinary electric fan does not cool the air, still it gives comfort in summer. Explain

Answer:

An ordinary electric fan does not cool the air, still it gives comfort in summer because it circulates the air present in the room. Due to this, evaporation takes place and we feel cooler.

Question 8:

The temperature of the atmosphere at a high altitude is around 500°C. Yet an animal there would freeze to death and not boil. Explain.

Answer:

The temperature of the atmosphere at a high altitude is around 500°C, but density of air molecule is extremely low at this height. So, very less molecules of air collide with the body of the animal and transfer very less amount of heat. That is why the animal present there would freeze to death instead boiling.

Question 9:

Standing in the sun is more pleasant on a cold winter day than standing in shade. Is the temperature of air in the sun considerably higher than that of the air in shade?

Answer:

The heat coming from the sun to us is through the radiation. On colder winter days, when we stand in shade, we do not get the heat of the sun from the radiation. Though we feel cool in the shade, the temperature of the air in shady as well as non-shady regions is the same.

Question 10:

Cloudy nights are warmer than the nights with clean sky. Explain

Answer:

During night, the earth’s surface radiates infrared radiation of larger wavelength. Gas molecules in the air absorb some of this energy and radiate energy of their own in all directions. Also, water molecules, like the vapour that makes the clouds, absorb more frequencies of infrared energy than clear air does.
Both these factors contribute to the fact that clouds radiate more heat in all directions (including the earth) than clear air does. In turn, this makes the overall temperature on the earth warmer when there is a cloud cover. The heat energy radiated by the earth is reflected back to earth. Due to this, cloudy nights are warmer than the nights with clean sky.

Question 11:

Why is a white dress more comfortable than a dark dress in summer?

Answer:

A white colour dress reflects almost all the radiations falling on it. So, it does not absorb any heat from the sunlight and we feel more comfortable in it. On the other hand, a dark colour dress absorbs maximum radiation falling on it. So, we feel hot in a dark coloured dress during summers.

Question 1:

The thermal conductivity of a rod depends on

(a) length
(b) mass
(c) area of cross section
(d) material of the rod

Answer:

(d) material of the rod

The thermal conductivity of a rod depends only on the material of the rod. For example, metals are much better conductors than non-metals because metals have large number of free electron that can move freely anywhere in the body of the metal and carry thermal energy from one place to other. Also, 2 copper rods having different lengths and areas of cross-section have same thermal conductivity that depends only on the number of free electrons in copper.

Question 2:

In a room containing air, heat can go from one place to another

(a) by conduction only
(b) by convection only
(c) by radiation only
(d) by all the three modes

Answer:

(d) by all the three modes

In conduction, heat is transferred from one place to other by vibration of the molecules. In this process, the average position of a molecule does not change. Hence, there is no mass movement of matter.
In convection, heat is transferred from one place to other by actual motion of particles of the medium. When water is heated, hot water moves upwards and cool water moves downwards.
In radiation process, transfer of heat does not require any material medium.
For a room containing air, heat can be transferred via radiation (no medium required) and convection (by the movement of air molecules) and by conduction (due to collision of hot air molecules with other molecules).

Question 3:

A solid at temperature T₁ is kept in an evacuated chamber at temperature T₂ > T₁. The rate of increase of temperature of the body is proportional to

(a) T₂ − T₁
(b)

T22 – T12(c)

T23 – T13(d)

T24 – T14

Answer:

(d)

T24 – T14From Stefan-Boltzmann law, the energy of thermal radiation emitted per unit time by a blackbody of surface area A is given by
u = σAT4Here,

σis Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
Since the temperature of the solid is less than the surroundings, the temperature of the solid will increase with time until it reaches equilibrium with the surroundings. The rate of emission from the solid will be proportional to

T14and rate of emission from the surroundings will be proportional to

T24.
So, the net rate of increase in temperature will be proportional to

T24 – T14.

Question 4:

The thermal radiation emitted by a body is proportional to Tⁿ where T is its absolute temperature. The value of n is exactly 4 for

(a) a blackbody
(b) all bodies
(c) bodies painted black only
(d) polished bodies only

Answer:

(b) all bodies

From Stefan-Boltzmann law, the energy of the thermal radiation emitted per unit time by a blackbody of surface area A is given by
u = σAT4Here,

σis Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
This law holds true for all the bodies.

Question 5:

Two bodies A and B having equal surface areas are maintained at temperature 10°C and 20°C. The thermal radiation emitted in a given time by A and B are in the ratio

(a) 1 : 1.15
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 1 : 4
(d) 1 : 16

Answer:

(a) 1 : 1.15

From Stefan-Boltzmann law, energy of the thermal radiation emitted per unit time by a blackbody of surface area A is given by
u = σAT4Here,

σis Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

The thermal radiation emitted in a given time by A and B will be in the ratio

uAuB = TA4TB4uAuB=(273+10)4(273+20)4uAuB=11.15

Question 6:

One end of a metal rod is kept in a furnace. In steady state, the temperature of the rod

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remain constant
(d) is nonuniform

Answer:

(d) in nonuniform

In steady state, the temperature of the rod is nonuniform maximum at the end near the furnace and minimum at the end that is away from the furnace.

Question 7:

Newton’s law of cooling is a special case of

(a) Wien’s displacement law
(b) Kirchhoff’s law
(c) Stefan’s law
(d) Planck’s law

Answer:

From Stefan-Boltzman’s law, the energy of the thermal radiation emitted per unit time by a blackbody of surface area A is given by,
u = σAT4Where

σis Stefan’s constant.
Suppose a body at temperature T is kept in a room at temperature T₀.

According to Stefan’s law, energy of the thermal radiation emitted by the body per unit time is
u = eσAT4Here, e is the emissivity of the body.

The energy absorbed per unit time by the body is (due to the radiation emitted by the walls of the room)
u0 = eσAT04Thus, the net loss of thermal energy per unit time is

∆u = u-u0∆u=eσA(T4-T04) …(i)Newton law of cooling is given by

dTdt = -bA(T-T0)This can be obtained from equation (i) by considering the temperature difference to be small and doing the binomial expansion.

Question 8:

A hot liquid is kept in a big room. Its temperature is plotted as a function of time. Which of the following curves may represent the plot?

Figure

Answer:

(a)
When a hot liquid is kept in a big room, the liquid will loose its temperature with time. The thermal energy emitted by the liquid will be gained by the walls of the room. As the room is big, we can assume that the temperature difference between the room and the liquid is large. From Stephen’s law, the liquid emits thermal energy in proportion to

T4, where T is the initial temperature of the liquid.
As the temperature decreases, the rate of loss of thermal energy will also decrease. So, the slope of the curve will also decrease.
Therefore, the plot of temperature with time is best represented by the curve in option (a).

Question 9:

A hot liquid is kept in a big room. The logarithm of the numerical value of the temperature difference between the liquid and the room is plotted against time. The plot will be very nearly

(a) a straight line
(b) a circular are
(c) a parabola
(d) an ellipse

Answer:

(a) a straight line

When a hot liquid is kept in a big room, then the liquid will loose temperature with time. The thermal energy emitted by the liquid will be gained by the walls of the room. As the room is big, we can assume that the temperature difference between the room and the liquid is large. From Stephen’s law, the liquid emits thermal energy in proportion to

T4, where T is the initial temperature of the liquid. As the temperature decreases, the rate of loss will also decrease. So, the slope of the curve will also decrease. Finally, at equilibrium, the temperature of the room will become equal to the new temperature of the liquid. So, in steady state, the difference between the temperatures of the two will become zero.

A graph is plotted between the logarithm of the numerical value of the temperature difference between the liquid and the room is plotted against time.The logarithm converts the fourth power dependence into a linear dependence with some coefficient (property of log). So, the plot satisfying all the above properties will be a straight line.

Question 10:

A body cools down from 65°C to 60°C in minutes. It will cool down from 60°C to 55°C in

(a) 5 minutes
(b) less than 5 minutes
(c) more than 5 minutes
(d) less than or more than 5 minutes depending on whether its mass is more than or less than 1 kg.

Answer:

Let the temperature of the surrounding be T

°C.
Average temperature of the liquid in first case = 62.5

°CAverage temperature difference from the surroundings = (62.5

–T)

°CFrom newton law of cooling,

1°C min -1=-bA(62.5-T)°C⇒-bA = 162.5-Tmin-1 … (i)For the second case,
Average temperature = 57.5

°CTemperature difference from the surroundings = (57.5

–T)

°CFrom Newton’s law of cooling and equation (i),

5°Ct=-bA(57.5-T)°C⇒5°Ct= 162.5-T(57.5-T)°C⇒t =5( 62.5-T)(57.5-T)⇒t>5 minutes

Question 1:

One end of a metal rod is dipped in boiling water and the other is dipped in melting ice.

(a) All parts of the rod are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
(b) We can assign a temperature to the rod.
(c) We can assign a temperature to the rod after steady state is reached
(d) The state of the rod does not change after steady state is reached

Answer:

(d) The state of the rod does not change after steady state is reached

The heat transfer will take place from the hot end to the cold end of the rod via conduction. So, with time, the temperature of the rod will increase from the end dipped in boiling water to the end dipped in melting, until it comes in equilibrium with its surroundings. In steady state, the temperature of the rod is nonuniform and constant, maximum at the end dipped in boiling water and minimum at the end dipped in melting ice.
Equilibrium means that the system is stable. So, all the macroscopic variables describing the system will not change with time. Hence, the temperature of the rod will become constant once equilibrium is reached, but its value is different at different positions of the rod.

Question 2:

A blackbody does not

(a) emit radiation
(b) absorb radiation
(c) reflect radiation
(d) refract radiation

Answer:

A black body is an ideal concept. A black body is the one that absorbs all the radiation incident on it. So, a black body does not reflect and refract radiation.

Page No 98:

Question 3:

In summer, a mild wind is often found on the shore of a clam river. This is caused due to

Answer:

(b) convection current

Convection current is the movement of air (or any fluid) due to the difference in the temperatures. During summer days, there is temperature difference of air above the land and river. Due to this, a convection current is set from the river to the land during daytime. On the other hand, during night, a convection current is set from the land to the river. Therefore, a mild air always flows on the shore of a calm river due to the convection current.

Question 4:

A piece of charcoal and a piece of shining steel of the same surface area are kept for a long time in an open lawn in bright sun.

(a) The steel will absorb more heat than the charcoal
(b) The temperature of the steel will be higher than that of the charcoal
(c) If both are picked up by bare hand, the steel will be felt hotter than the charcoal
(d) If the two are picked up from the lawn and kept in a cold chamber, the charcoal will lose heat at a faster rate than the steel.

Answer:

(c) If both are picked up by bare hands, the steel will be felt hotter than the charcoal
(d) If the two are picked up from the lawn and kept in a cold chamber, the charcoal will lose heat at a faster rate than the steel.

In steel, conductivity is higher than charcoal. So, if both are picked up by bare hands, then heat transfer from the body (steel or charcoal) to our hand will be larger in case of steel. Hence, steel will be hotter than the charcoal.
On the other hand, emissivity of charcoal is higher as compared to steel. So, if the two are picked up from the lawn and kept in a cold chamber, charcoal will lose heat at a faster rate than steel.

Question 5:

A heated body emits radiation which has maximum intensity near the frequency v₀. The emissivity of the material is 0.5. If the absolute temperature of the body is doubled.

(a) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency 2v₀
(b) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency v₀/2
(c) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 16
(d) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 8

Answer:

(a) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency 2v₀
(c) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 16

From Wein’s displacement law,

λmT= b (a constant)

cTνm=bHere, T is the absolute temperature of the body.

So, as the temperature is doubled to keep the product on the left hand side constant, frequency is also doubled.

From Stefan’s law, we know that the rate of energy emission is proportional to

T4.
This implies that total energy emitted will increase by a factor of (2)⁴, which is equal to 16.

Question 6:

A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of the same material and of equal radii are heated to the same temperature.

(a) Both will emit equal amount of radiation per unit time in the biginning
(b) Both will absorb equal amount of radiation from the surrounding in the biginning.
(c) The initial rate of cooling (dT/dt) will be the same for the two spheres
(d) The twp spheres will have equal temperature at any instant

Answer:

(a) Both will emit equal amount of radiation per unit time in the beginning.
(b) Both will absorb equal amount of radiation from the surrounding in the beginning.

Let the temperature of the surroundings be

T0.
From the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the energy of thermal radiation emitted per unit time by a blackbody of surface area A is given by

u = σAT4Here,

σis Stephen’s constant.
Also, the energy absorbed per unit time by the body is given by

u0 = eσAT04As the two spheres have equal radii and temperatures, their rate of absorption and emission will be equal in the beginning.

Question 1:

A uniform slab of dimension 10 cm × 10 cm × 1 cm is kept between two heat reservoirs at temperatures 10°C and 90°C. The larger surface areas touch the reservoirs. The thermal conductivity of the material is 0.80 W m⁻¹ °C⁻¹. Find the amount of heat flowing through the slab per minute.

Answer:

Given:
Thermal conductivity of the material, k = 0.80 W m^–1 °C^–1
Area of the cross section of the slab, A = 100 cm² = 10⁻² m²
Thickness of the slab, Δx = 1 cm = 10⁻² m

Rate of flow of heat=Temperature differenceThermal resistance⇒ΔQΔt=ΔTΔxk·AΔQΔt=90-10 k·AΔxΔQΔt=80×0.8×10-210-2ΔQΔt=64 J/sΔQΔt=64×60=3840 J/min

Question 2:

A liquid-nitrogen container is made of a 1 cm thick styrofoam sheet having thermal conductivity 0.025 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹ °C⁻¹. Liquid nitrogen at 80 K is kept in it. A total area of 0.80 m² is in contact with the liquid nitrogen. The atmospheric temperature us 300 K. Calculate the rate of heat flow from the atmosphere to the liquid nitrogen.

Answer:

Rate of flow of heat=Temperature differenceThermal resistanceThickness of the container, l = 1 cm = 10

-2 m
Thermal conductivity of the styrofoam sheet,

k=0.025 J s-1 m-1 °C-1Area, A = 0.80 m²
Thermal resistance,

lk A=10-20.025×0.80Temperature difference,

∆T=T1-T2=300-80=220 KRate of flow of heat,

ΔQΔt=T1-T2lkA

⇒ΔQΔt=22010-2×0.025×0.80⇒ΔQΔt=440 J/s

Question 3:

The normal body-temperature of a person is 97°F. Calculate the rate at which heat is flowing out of his body through the clothes assuming the following values. Room temperature = 47°F, surface of the body under clothes = 1.6 m², conductivity of the cloth = 0.04 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹, thickness of the cloth = 0.5 cm.

Answer:

Rate of flow of heat=Temperature differenceThermal resistance

Temperature of the body,

T1=97°F=36.11°C

Temperature of the surroundings,

T2=47°F=8.33°C

Conductivity of the cloth,

K=0.04 J s-1 m-1 °C-1

Thickness of the cloth,

l=0.5 cm=0.005 m

Area of the cloth,

A=1.6 m2

Difference in the temperature,

∆T=T1-T2=36.11-8.33=27.78°CThermal resistance =

lKA=0.0050.04×1.6= 0.078125

Rate at which heat is flowing out is given by

ΔQΔt=T1-T2lKAΔQΔt=27.780.078125ΔQΔt=356 J/s

Question 4:

Water is boiled in a container having a bottom of surface area 25 cm², thickness 1.0 mm and thermal conductivity 50 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. 100 g of water is converted into steam per minute in the steady state after the boiling starts. Assuming that no heat is lost to the atmosphere, calculate the temperature of the lower surface of the bottom. Latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.26 × 10⁶ J kg⁻¹.

Answer:

Area of the bottom of the container,

A=25 cm2=25×10-4 m2Thickness of the bottom of the container, l = 1 mm = 10

-3 m
Latent heat of vaporisation of water,

L=2.26×106 J kg-1Thermal conductivity of the container,

k=50 W m-1°C-1mass = 100 g = 0.1 kg

Rate of heat transfer from the base of the container is given by

ΔQΔt=m LΔt=0.1×2.26×1061 minΔQΔt=0.376×104 J/sAlso,

ΔQΔt=ΔTlkA⇒0.376×104=T-10010-350×25×10 -4⇒0.376×104=50×25×10-4 T-10010-3⇒T-100=3.008×10⇒T=130°C

Question 5:

One end of a steel rod (K = 46 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹) of length 1.0 m is kept in ice at 0°C and the other end is kept in boiling water at 100°C. The area of cross section of the rod is 0.04 cm². Assuming no heat loss to the atmosphere, find the mass of the ice melting per second. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 × 10⁵ J kg⁻¹.

Answer:

Given:
Thermal conductivity of the rod, K = 46 J s^–1 m^–1 °C^–1
Length of the rod, l = 1 m
Area of the cross-section of the rod, A = 0.04 cm²
= 0.04 × 10⁻⁴ m²
= 4 × 10⁻⁶ m²
Rate of transfer of heat is given by

ΔQΔt=ΔTlkAΔQΔt=T1-T2 kAlΔQΔt=100-01×46×4×10–6ΔQΔt=184×10-4 J/s

Also, ΔQ=mLf∴ mtLf=184×10-4⇒mt×3.36×105=184×10–4⇒m=184×10-43.36×105×t⇒m=5.5×10×10-9×1 kg/s⇒m=5.5×10-8×103 g/s⇒m=5.5×10-5 g/s

Question 6:

A icebox almost completely filled with ice at 0°C is dipped into a large volume of water at 20°C. The box has walls of surface area 2400 cm², thickness 2.0 mm and thermal conductivity 0.06 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. Calculate the rate at which the ice melts in the box. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 10⁵ J kg⁻¹.

Answer:

Area of the walls of the box, A = 2400 cm² = 2400 × 10⁻⁴ m²
Thickness of the ice box, l = 2 mm = 2 × 10⁻³ m
Thermal conductivity of the material of the box, K = 0.06 W m⁻¹ °C⁻¹
Temperature of the water outside the box, T₁ = 20°C
Temperature of ice, T₂ = 0°C

Rate of flow of heat =Temperature differenceThermal resistance⇒ΔQΔt=T1-T2lkA⇒ΔQΔt=202×10-3×0.06×2400×10-4⇒ΔQΔt=24×6=144 J/sRate at which the ice melts =

mLft

⇒ΔQΔt=mtLf⇒144=mt×3.4×105⇒mt=1443.4×105 kg/s⇒mt=144×60×603.4×105 kg/h⇒mt=1.52 kg/h

Question 7:

A pitcher with 1-mm thick porous walls contains 10 kg of water. Water comes to its outer surface and evaporates at the rate of 0.1 g s⁻¹. The surface area of the pitcher (one side) = 200 cm². The room temperature = 42°C, latent heat of vaporization = 2.27 × 10⁶J kg⁻¹, and the thermal conductivity of the porous walls = 0.80 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹. Calculate the temperature of water in the pitcher when it attains a constant value.

Answer:

Thickness of porous walls, l = 1 mm = 10⁻³ m
Mass, m = 10 kg
Latent heat of vapourisation, L_v = 2.27 × 10⁶ J/kg
Thermal conductivity, K = 0.80 J/m s °C
ΔQ = 2.27 × 10⁶ × 10 J
0.1 g of water evaporate in 1 sec, so 10 kg water will evaporate in 10⁵ s.

⇒ΔQΔt=2.27×10 7105⇒ΔQΔt=2.27×102 J/s⇒ΔQΔt=ΔTlkA⇒ΔQΔt= 42-T10-3·0.80×2×10-2⇒2.27×102=42-T10-3×0.80×2×10-2⇒T= 27.8°C⇒T=28°C

Question 8:

A steel frame (K = 45 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹) of total length 60 cm and cross sectional area 0.20 cm², forms three sides of a square. The free ends are maintained at 20°C and 40°C. Find the rate of heat flow through a cross section of the frame.

Answer:

Thermal conductivity, K = 45 W m^–1 °C^–1
Length, l = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Area of cross section, A = 0.2 cm² = 0.2 × 10⁻⁴ m²
Initial temperature, T₁ = 40°C
Final temperature, T₂ = 20°C

Rate of flow of heat=Temerature differenceThermal resistanceΔQΔt=kA(T1-T2)lΔQΔt=45×0.2×10-4 40 – 200.6 =0.03 W

Question 9:

Water at 50°C is filled in a closed cylindrical vessel of height 10 cm and cross sectional area 10 cm². The walls of the vessel are adiabatic but the flat parts are made of 1-mm thick aluminium (K = 200 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹). Assume that the outside temperature is 20°C. The density of water is 100 kg m⁻³, and the specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J k⁻¹ g °C⁻¹. Estimate the time taken for the temperature of fall by 1.0 °C. Make any simplifying assumptions you need but specify them.

Answer:

Area of cross section, A = 10 cm² = 10 × 10^–4 m²
Thermal conductivity, K = 200 Js^–1 m^–1 °C^–1
Height, H = 10 cm
Length, l = 1 mm =10^–3 m

Temperature inside the cylindrical vessel, T₁ = 50°C
Temperature outside the vessel, T₂ = 30°C

Rate of flow of heat from 1 flat surface will be given by

ΔQΔt=T1-T2lkAΔQΔt= 50-30×200×10-310-3ΔQΔt=6000 J/secHeat escapes out from both the flat surfaces.
Net rate of heat flow = 2 × 6000 = 12000 J/sec

ΔQΔt=m·s·ΔTΔtMass = Volume density
⇒

10-3×0.1×1000=0.1 gUsing this in the above formula for finding the rate of flow of heat, we get

12000=0.1×4200×ΔTt⇒ΔTΔt= 12000420=28.57As ΔT=1°C⇒1t=28.57⇒t=128.57= 0.035 sec

Question 10:

The left end of a copper rod (length = 20 cm, area of cross section = 0.20 cm²) is maintained at 20°C and the right end is maintained at 80°C. Neglecting any loss of heat through radiation, find (a) the temperature at a point 11 cm from the left end and (b) the heat current through the rod. Thermal conductivity of copper = 385 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹.

Answer:

Area of cross section, A = 0.2 cm² = 0.2 × 10⁻⁴ m²
Thermal conductivity, k = 385 W m^–1 °C^–1

Rate of flow of heat=Temperature differenceThermal resistanceΔQΔt = kA(T1-T2)lΔQΔt = 80-200.2×385×0.2×10-4 = 2310×10-3 = 2.31 J/secLet te temperature of point C be T, which is at a distance of 11 cm from the left end.
Rate of flow of heat is given by

ΔQΔt = kAΔTl⇒ΔTl = ΔQΔt×1kAT-2011×10-2 = 2.31383×0.2×10-4⇒T = 33+20⇒T = 53°C

Page No 99:

Question 11:

The ends of a metre stick are maintained at 100°C and 0°C. One end of a rod is maintained at 25°C. Where should its other end be touched on the metre stick so that there is no heat current in the rod in steady state?

Answer:

One end of the rod is at a temperature of 25°C. So, if no heat current flows through the rod in steady state, then the other end of the rod should also be at a temperature of 25°C.
Let the point at which the other end of the rod is touched be C.
No heat flows through the rod when the temperature at point C is also 25°C.

Heat current through AC = Heat current through CB

⇒ΔTACxkA = ΔTCB100-xkA100-25x = 25-0100-x3x = 1100-x300-3x = x300 = 4xx = 75 cmThus, it should be touched at 75 cm from 100°C end.

Question 12:

A cubical box of volume 216 cm³ is made up of 0.1 cm thick wood. The inside is heated electrically by a 100 W heater. It is found that the temperature difference between the inside and the outside surface is 5°C in steady state. Assuming that the entire electrical energy spent appears as heat, find the thermal conductivity of the material of the box.

Answer:

Volume of the cube, V = a³ = 216 cm³
Edge of the cube, a = 6 cm
Surface area of the cube = 6a²
= 6 (6 × 10⁻²)²
= 216 × 10⁻⁴ m²
Thickness, l = 0.1 cm = 0.1 × 10^–2 m
Temperature difference, Δ T = 5°C
The inner surface of the cube is heated by a 100 W heater.
∴ Power, P = 100 W
Power = Energy per unit time
∴ Rate of flow of heat inside the cube, R = 100 J/s
Rate of flow of heat is given by
ΔQΔt=ΔTlkA100=k×216×10-4×50.1×10-2k=0.9259 W/m°C

Question 13:

Figure (28−E1) shows water in a container having 2.0 mm thick walls made of a material of thermal conductivity 0.50 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. The container is kept in a melting-ice bath at 0°C. The total surface area in contact with water is 0.05 m². A wheel is clamped inside the water and is coupled to a block of mass M as shown in the figure. As the block goes down, the wheel rotates. It is found that after some time a steady state is reached in which the block goes down with a constant speed of 10 cm s⁻¹ and the temperature of the water remains constant at 1.0°C. Find the mass M of the block. Assume that the heat flows out of the water only through the walls in contact. Take g = 10 m s⁻².

Figure

Answer:

Temperature of water, T₁ = 1°C
Temperature if ice bath, T₂ = 0°C
Thermal conductivity, K = 0.5 W/m °C
Length through which heat is lost, l = 2 mm = 2 × 10^–3 m
Area of cross section, A = 5 × 10⁻² m²
Velocity of the block, v = 10 cm/sec = 0.1 m/s
Let the mass of the block be m.
Power = F · v
= (mg) v ……(i)
Also,
Power=ΔQΔt …….(ii) ΔQΔt = k·A T1-T2l ……..(iii)From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

mg v=k·A T1-T2lm=0.5×5×10-2 12×10-3×10×0.1m=12.5 kg

Question 14:

On a winter day when the atmospheric temperature drops to −10°C, ice forms on the surface of a lake. (a) Calculate the rate of increase of thickness of the ice when 10 cm of the ice is already formed. (b) Calculate the total time taken in forming 10 cm of ice. Assume that the temperature of the entire water reaches 0°C before the ice starts forming. Density of water = 1000 kg m⁻³, latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 × 10⁵ J kg⁻¹ and thermal conductivity of ice = 1.7 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. Neglect the expansion of water of freezing.

Answer:

Thermal conductivity, K = 1.7 W/m°C
Density of water, ρ_ω = 10² kg/m³
Latent heat of fusion of ice, L_ice = 3.36 × 10⁵ J/kg
Length, l = 10 × 10⁻² m

(a) Rate of flow of heat is given by

ΔQΔt=T1-T2·KAl

⇒lΔt=T1-T2·KAΔQ=K·A T1-T2m·L= KAT1-T2Al·ρω L= 1.7 0-1010×10-2×103×3.36×105=173.36×10-7=5.059×10-7 m/s=5×10-7 m/s(b) To form a thin ice layer of thickness dx, let the required be dt.
Mass of that thin layer, dm = A dx ρ_ω
Heat absorbed by that thin layer, dQ = Ldm

dQdt = K·A ∆TxLdmdt = KA ∆Tx(Adxρw)Ldt = KA∆Tx⇒∫0tdt = ρwLK ΔT ∫00.1x dx⇒t = ρwLK ΔT x2200.1t = ρwLK ΔT×0.122t = 103×3.36×105×0.011.7×10×2t = 3.362×17×106 sect = 3.362×17×1063600 hourst = 27.45 hours

Question 15:

Consider the situation of the previous problem. Assume that the temperature of the water at the bottom of the lake remains constant at 4°C as the ice forms on the surface (the heat required to maintain the temperature of the bottom layer may come from the bed of the lake). The depth of the lake is 1.0 m. Show that the thickness of the ice formed attains a steady state maximum value. Find this value. The thermal conductivity of water = 0.50 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. Take other relevant data from the previous problem.

Answer:

Let the point upto which ice is formed is at a distance of x m from the top of the lake.
Under steady state, the rate of flow of heat from ice to this point should be equal to the rate flow of heat from water to this point.
Temperature of the top layer of ice = −10°C
Temperature of water at the bottom of the lake = 4°C
Temperature at the point upto which ice is formed = 0°C

ΔQΔtice= ΔQΔtwaterKicexA×10 = Kwater1-xA×41.7×10x=0.5×41-x17x=21-x17-17x=2x⇒x=1719=0.89 m⇒x=89 cm

Question 16:

Three rods of lengths 20 cm each and area of cross section 1 cm² are joined to form a triangle ABC. The conductivities of the rods are K_AB = 50 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹, K_BC = 200 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹ and K_AC = 400 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹. The junctions A, B and C are maintained at 40°C, 80°C and 80°C respectively. Find the rate of heat flowing through the rods AB, AC and BC.

Answer:

Thermal conductivity of rod AB, K_AB = 50 J/m-s-°C
Temperature of junction at A, T_A = 40°C
Thermal conductivity of rod BC, K_BC = 200 J/m-s-°C
Temperature of junction at B, T_B = 80°C
Thermal conductivity of rod BC, K_CA = 400 J/m-s-°C
Temperature of junction at C, T_C = 80°C
l = 20 cm = 20 × 10⁻² m
A = 1 cm² = 10⁻⁴ m²

(a)

ΔQABΔt = KABA TB-TAl

=50×1×10-4 4020×10-2=1 W(b)

ΔQACΔt = KAC·ATC-TAl

=400×1×10-4×4020×10-2=8 W(c)

ΔQBCΔt = KBCA TB-TCl = 0

Question 17:

A semicircular rod is joined at its end to a straight rod of the same material and the same cross-sectional area. The straight rod forms a diameter of the other rod. The junctions are maintained at different temperatures. Find the ratio of the heat transferred through a cross section of the semicircular rod to the heat transferred through a cross section of the straight rod in a given time.

Answer:

Let A be the area of cross section and K be the thermal conductivity of the material of the rod.
Let q₁ be the rate of flow of heat through a semicircular rod.
Rate of flow of heat is given by

q1 = dQdt=K·A T1-T2π rLet q₂be the rate of flow of heat through a straight rod.

q2 = dQdt=KA T1-T22 rRatio of the rate of flow of heat through the 2 rods =

q1q2=2 rπ r=2π

Question 18:

A metal rod of cross sectional area 1.0 cm² is being heated at one end. At one time, the temperatures gradient is 5.0°C cm⁻¹ at cross section A and is 2.5°C cm⁻¹ at cross section B. Calculate the rate at which the temperature is increasing in the part AB of the rod. The heat capacity of the part AB = 0.40 J°C⁻¹, thermal conductivity of the material of the rod = 200 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. Neglect any loss of heat to the atmosphere

Answer:

Let the temperatures at the ends A and B be T_A and T_B, respectively.
Rate of flow of heat at end A of the rod is given by

dQAdt = KA.ddlTARate of flow of heat at end B of the rod is given by

dQBdt = KA.ddlTBHeat absorbed by the rod = msâˆ†T
Here, s is the specific heat of the rod and âˆ†T is the temperature difference between ends A and B.

Rate of heat absorption by the rod is given by

dQdt = msdTdt∴ msdTdt = KA.dTAdl-KA.dTBdl⇒0.4.dTdt = 200×1×10-4 5-2.5dTdt = 12.5°C/sec

Question 19:

Steam at 120°C is continuously passed through a 50 cm long rubber tube of inner and outer radii 1.0 cm and 1.2 cm. The room temperature is 30°C. Calculate the rate of heat flow through the walls of the tube. Thermal conductivity of rubber = 0.15 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹.

Answer:

Inner radii = r = 1 cm = 10^–2 m
Outer radii = R = 1.2 cm = 1.2 × 10^–2 m
Length of the tube, l = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.15 Js^–1 m^–1 °C^–1

Top View

Let us consider a cylindrical shell of length l, radius x and thickness dx.
Rate of flow of heat q

=dQdt

dQdt = -KA∆TdxHere, the negative sign indicates that the rate of heat flow decreases as x increases.

q=-K2πxl.dTdx∫rR dxx=-2πKlq∫T1T2dTln xrR = -2πKlqT2-T1⇒q = 2πklT1-T2lnRrq = 2π×0.15×0.590ln 1.2×10-21×10-2q = 262.9 J/sec

Question 20:

A hole of radius r₁ is made centrally in a uniform circular disc of thickness d and radius r₂. The inner surface (a cylinder a length d and radius r₁) is maintained at a temperature θ₁ and the outer surface (a cylinder of length d and radius r₂) is maintained at a temperature θ₂ (θ₁ > θ₂). The thermal conductivity of the material of the disc is K. Calculate the heat flowing per unit time through the disc.

Answer:

Let

dθdtbe the rate of flow of heat.
Consider an annular ring of radius r and thickness dr.
Rate of flow of heat is given by

dθdt = -K2πrd.dθdrRate of flow of heat is constant.
∴

dθdt = i

i = -K2πr.ddθdr∫r1r2 drr=-2Kdi ∫θ1θ2 dθln rr1r2=-2πKdiθ2-θ1i=2πKd θ1-θ2ln r2r1

Question 21:

A hollow tube has a length l, inner radius R₁ and outer radius R₂. The material has a thermal conductivity K. Find the heat flowing through the walls of the tube if (a) the flat ends are maintained at temperature T₁ and T₂ (T₂ > T₁) (b) the inside of the tube is maintained at temperature T₁ and the outside is maintained at T₂.

Answer:

(a) When the flat ends are maintained at temperatures T₁ and T₂ (where T₂ > T₁):

Area of cross section through which heat is flowing,

A=πR22-R12
â€‹Rate of flow of heat

=dθdt

=KA.∆Tl=KπR22-R12 T2-T1l(b)

When the inside of the tube is maintained at temperature T₁ and the outside is maintained at T₂_:

Let us consider a cylindrical shell of radius r and thickness dr.
Rate of flow of heat, q

=KA.dTdr

q = KA.dTdrq = K2πrldTdr∫R1R2 drr = 2πKlq∫T1T2 dTln rR1R2 = 2πKlq T2-T1ln R2R1 = 2πKlqT2-T1q = 2πKl T2-T1ln R2R1

Question 22:

A composite slab is prepared by pasting two plates of thickness L₁ and L₂ and thermal conductivites K₁ and K₂. The slabs have equal cross-sectional area. Find the equivalent conductivity of the composite slab.

Answer:

It is equivalent to the series combination of 2 resistors.
∴ R_S = R₁ +R₂
Resistance of a conducting slab,

R=LKAR_S = R₁ + R₂

L1+L2Ks.A=L1K1A+L2K2AL1+L2KS=L1K1+L2K2L1+L2KS=L1K2+L2K1K1×K2KS=L1+L2 K1 K2L1 K2+L2K1

Question 23:

Figure (28-E2) shows a copper rod joined to a steel rod. The rods have equal length and equal cross sectional area. The free end of the copper rod is kept at 0°C and that of the steel rod is kept at 100°C. Find the temperature at the junction of the rods. Conductivity of copper = 390 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ and that if steel = 46 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹.

Figure

Answer:

Rods are connected in series, so the rate of flow of heat is same.

q₁ = q₂

Rate of flow of heat is given by

q = dQdt = Temperature differenceThermal resistanceAs q₁ = q₂,

⇒T-0Rcu = 100-TRSAK1T-0l = 100-TlK2A⇒390T = 100-T46⇒T = 10.6°C

Question 24:

An aluminium rod and a copper rod of equal length 1.0 m and cross-sectional area 1 cm² are welded together as shown in figure (28−E3). One end is kept at a temperature of 20°C and the other at 60°C. Calculate the amount of heat taken out per second from the hot end. Thermal conductivity of aluminium = 200 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ and of copper = 390 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹.

Figure

Answer:

q₁ and q₂ are heat currents. In other words, they are the rates of flow of heat through aluminium and copper rod, respectively.

Applying KVL at the hot junction, we get
q = q₁ + q₂
Rate of heat flow, q =

KA∆TlAs q = q₁ + q₂,

KPAT1-T2l=K1AT1-T2l+K2AT1-T2lKp=K1+K2=390+200=590 W/m°C⇒q=KPAT1-T2lq=590×10-4 60-201q=2.36 W

Page No 100:

Question 25:

Figure (28-E4) shows an aluminium rod joined to a copper rod. Each of the rods has a length of 20 cm and area of cross section 0.20 cm². The junction is maintained at a constant temperature 40°C and the two ends are maintained at 80°C. Calculate the amount of heat taken out from the cold junction in one minute after the steady state is reached. The conductivites are K_At = 200 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ and K_Cu = 400 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹.

Figure

Answer:

Area of cross section, A = 0.20 cm² = 0.2 × 10^–4 m²
Thermal conductivity of aluminium, K_Al = 200 W/â€‹m â€‹°C
Thermal conductivity of copper, K_Cu = 400 W/mâ€‹°C
Total heat flowing per second = q_Al + q_Cu
=KAl×A×80-40l+KCu×A×80-40l=200×0.2×10-4×400.2+400×0.2×10-4×400.2=8×10-1+16×10-1=24×10-1=2.4 J/secHeat drawn in 1 minute = 2.4 × 60 = 144 J

Question 26:

Consider the situation shown in figure (28-E5). The frame is made of the same material and has a uniform cross-sectional area everywhere. Calculate the amount of heat flowing per second through a cross section of the bent part if the total heat taken out per second from the end at 100°C is 130 J.

Figure

Answer:

RBC=lKA=5KA RCD=lKA=60KA RDE=5KA, RAB=20KA, REF=20KA Let: R1=RBC+RCD+RDE=70KALet: RBE=60KA=R2
q = q₁ + q₂ …(1)

R₁ and R₂ are in parallel, so total heat across R₁ and R₂ will be same.

⇒ q₁R₁ = q₂R₂

q1×70KA = q2×60KA7q1 = 6q27q16 = q2 …2From equation (1) and (2),

q = q1+7q16q = 13q16q = 130 J130 = 13q16q1 = 60 J/sec

Question 27:

Suppose the bent part of the frame of the previous problem has a thermal conductivity of 780 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹ °C⁻¹ whereas it is 390 J s⁻¹ m⁻1°C⁻¹ for the straight part. Calculate the ratio of the rate of heat flow through the bent part to the rate of heat flow through the straight part.

Answer:

Resistance of any branch, R =

lKA

Here, K is the thermal conductivity, A is the area of cross section and l is the length of the conductor.

RBC=l780.A=5×10-2780.ARCD=60×10-2780.ARDE=5×10-2780.ARAB=20×10-2390.AREF=20×10-2390.ARBE=60×10-2390×A

R1=RBC+RCD+RDE=70×10-2780×A

RBE=R2=60×10-2390×ASince R₁ and R₂ are in parallel, the amount of heat flowing through them will be same.

q1R1=q2R2q1q2=R2R1=60×10-2×780×A390×A×70×10-2=127⇒q1q2=127

Question 28:

A room has a window fitted with a single 1.0 m × 2.0 m glass of thickness 2 mm. (a) Calculate the rate of heat flow through the closed window when the temperature inside the room is 32°C and the outside is 40°C. (b) The glass is now replaced by two glasspanes, each having a thickness of 1 mm and separated by a distance of 1 mm. Calculate the rate of heat flow under the same conditions of temperature. Thermal conductivity of window glass = 1.0 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹ and that of air = 0.025 J s⁻¹ m⁻¹°C⁻¹.

Answer:

(a)

Length, l = 2 mm = 0.0002 m

Rate of flow of heat = ∆Tl/KA =KA.∆Tl =1×2×40-322×10-3 = 8000 J/sec(b)

Resistance of glass,

Rg = lKg.AResistance of air,

RA = lKA.AFrom the circuit diagram, we can find that all the resistors are connected in series.
Rs=Rg+RA+Rg=10-322Kg+1KA=10-3221+10.025=10-32×2×0.025+10.025

Rate of flow of heat, q= ∆TRs = T1-T2Rs =40-32×2×0.02540-3×2×0.025+1 = 381W

Question 29:

The two rods shown in figure (28-E6) have identical geometrical dimensions. They are in contact with two heat baths at temperatures 100°C and 0°C. The temperature of the junction is 70°C. Find the temperature of the junction if the rods are interchanged.

Figure

Answer:

As the rods are connected in series, the rate of flow of heat will be same in both the cases.

Case 1:
Rate of flow of heat is given by

dQdt = KA∆TlRate of heat flow in rod P will be same as that in rod Q.

∴ Kp×A×100-70l = KQ×A×70-0l⇒30 KP = 70 KQ⇒KQ = 37 KP ……(i)
Case 2:
Again, the rate of flow of heat will be same in rod P and Q.

∴ KQ×A× 100-Tl = KP×A×T-0l100 KQ-KQT=KPT100 KQ-KQT=7030KQT [using (i)]100-T=73T100 = 103T⇒T = 30°C

Question 30:

The three rods shown in figure (28−E7) have identical geometrical dimensions. Heat flows from the hot end at a rate of 40 W in the arrangement (a). Find the rates of heat flow when the rods are joined as in arrangement (b) and in (c). Thermal condcutivities of aluminium and copper are 200 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ and 400 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹ respectively.

Figure

Answer:

For arrangement (a),

Temperature of the hot end ,T₁ = 100°C

Temperature of the cold end ,T₂ = 0°C
R_s = R₁ + R₂ + R₃

=lKAlA+lKcuA+lKAlA =lA1200+1400+1200=lA5400=lA×180

dQdt = q = Rate of flow of heat = T1-T2RS=100-0lA×180Given: q=40 W40=100lA×180⇒lA=200⇒Al=1200For arrangement (b),

Rnet = RAl+RCu×RAlRCu+RAl=lKAlA+lKCuA×lKAlllKCuA+lKAlA=lA·KAl+lA KAl+KCu=lA1200+1200+400=lA1200+1600=4600.lARate of flow of heat is given by

q=T1-T2Rnet =100-04 l600 A =100×6004×1200=75 WFor arrangement (c),

1Rnet = 1RAl+1RCu+1RAl =KAlAl+KCuAl+KAlAl1Rnet = KAl+KCu+KAl Al1Rnet=200+400+200×1200⇒Rnet = 200800= 14Rate of heat flow=ΔTRnet = 10014 =400 W

Question 31:

Four identical rods AB, CD, CF and DE are joined as shown in figure (28-E8). The length, cross-sectional area and thermal conductivity of each rod are l, A and K respectively. The ends A, E and F are maintained at temperature T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively. Assuming no loss of heat to the atmosphere, find the temperature at B.

Figure

Answer:

Let the temperature at junction B be T.
Let q₁, q₂ and q₃ be the heat currents, i.e. rate of flow of heat per unit time in AB, BCE and BDF, respectively.
From the diagram, we can see that
q₁ = q₂ + q₃
The rate of flow of heat is givem by

q = KA∆TlUsing this tn the above equation, we get

KA T1-Tl = KA T-T33l2+KA T-T23l2⇒T1-T = 2 T-T33+2 T-T23⇒3T1-T = 2T-2T3+2T-2T2⇒T = -3T1+2 T2+T37

Question 32:

Seven rods A, B, C, D, E, F and G are joined as shown in figure (28-E9). All the rods have equal cross-sectional area A and length l. The thermal conductivities of the rods are K_A = K_C = K₀, K_B = K_D = 2K₀, K_E = 3K₀, K_F = 4K₀ and K_G = 5K₀. The rod E is kept at a constant temperature T₁ and the rod G is kept at a constant temperature T₂ (T₂ > T₁). (a) Show that the rod F has a uniform temperature T = (T₁ + 2T₂)/3. (b) Find the rate of heat flowing from the source which maintains the temperature T₂.

Figure

Answer:

Given:
K_A = K_C = K₀
K_B = K_D = 2K₀
K_E = 3K₀, K_F = 4K₀
K₉= 5K₀
Here, K denotes the thermal conductivity of the respective rods.

In steady state, temperature at the ends of rod F will be same.

Rate of flow of heat through rod A + rod C = Rate of flow of heat through rod B + rod D

KA·A·T-T1l+KC·A T-T1l = KB·A·T2-Tl+KD·A T2-Tl2K0 T-T1 = 2×2 K0 T2-TTemp of rod F = T = T1+2T23(b) To find the rate of flow of heat from the source (rod G), which maintains a temperature T₂ is given by
Rate of flow of heat, q =

∆TThermal resistanceFirst, we will find the effective thermal resistance of the circuit.
From the diagram, we can see that it forms a balanced Wheatstone bridge.
Also, as the ends of rod F are maintained at the same temperature, no heat current flows through rod F.
Hence, for simplification, we can remove this branch.

From the diagram, we find that R_Aand R_B are connected in series.
∴ R_AB = R_A + R_B
R_C and R_Dare also connected in series.
∴ R_CD = R_C + RD
Then, R_AB and R_CD are in parallel connection.

RA = lK0ARB = l2K0ARC = lK0ARD = l2K0ARAB = 3l2K0ARCD = 3l2K0AReff = 3l2K0A×3l2K0A3l2K0A+3l2K0A= 3l4K0A

⇒q = ∆TReff=T1-T23l4K0A=4K0A(T1-T2)3l

Question 33:

Find the rate of heat flow through a cross section of the rod shown in figure (28-E10) (θ2 > θ1). Thermal conductivity of the material of the rod is K.

Figure

Answer:

We can infer from the diagram that ΔPQR is similar to ΔPST.
So, by the property of similar triangles,

xl = r-r1r2-r1⇒r2-r1 xl = r-r1⇒r = r1+r2-r1 xlLet: r2-r1l = a⇒r = ax+r1 ……….(i)Thermal resistance is given by

dR = dxK·A⇒dR=dxK·πr2dR=dxK·π ax+r12∫0RdR=1Kπ∫0ldxax+r12R=-1a Kπ1ax+r10lR=-1a Kπ1al+r1-1r1R=-1a Kπ1r2-r1l l+r1-1r1R=-1a Kπ1r2-1r1R=-1Kπr2-r1l×r1-r2r1 r2R=lKπr1r2Rate of flow of heat=Δ QR⇒q = Q2-Q1lKπ r1r2

Page No 101:

Question 34:

A rod of negligible heat capacity has length 20 cm, area of cross section 1.0 cm² and thermal conductivity 200 W m⁻¹°C⁻¹. The temperature of one end is maintained at 0°C and that of the other end is slowly and linearly varied from 0°C to 60°C in 10 minutes. Assuming no loss of heat through the sides, find the total heat transmitted through the rod in these 10 minutes.

Answer:

Given:
Length of the rod, l = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Area of cross section of the rod, A = 1.0 cm²= 1.0

×10

-4 m²
Thermal conductivity of the material of the rod, k = 200 W m

-1

°C

-1
The temperature of one end of the rod is increased uniformly by 60

°C within 10 minutes.
This mean that the rate of increase of the temperature of one end is 0.1

°C per second.
⇒6010×60°C/sSo, total heat flow can be found by adding heat flow every second.

Rate of flow of heat=dQdtQnet=∑KAdT2-T1×∆tFor each interval,
∆t=1 Qnet=KA d×0.1+KAd×0.2+KAd×0.3+……+KAd×60.0Qnet=KAd0.1+0.2+…..+60.0Sum of n terms of an AP is given by

Sn=n2 a+an

⇒Qnet=KAd×60020.1+60 ⇒Qnet=200×10-420×10-2×6002×60.1⇒Qnet=1800 J approximately

Question 35:

A hollow metallic sphere of radius 20 cm surrounds a concentric metallic sphere of radius 5 cm. The space between the two spheres is filled with a nonmetallic material. The inner and outer spheres are maintained at 50°C and 10°C respectively and it is found that 100 J of heat passes from the inner sphere to the outer sphere per second. Find the thermal conductivity of the material between the spheres.

Answer:

A = 4πr²
Let:
Radius of the inner sphere = r₁
Radius of the outer sphere = r₂
Consider a shell of radii r and thickness dr.

For this shell,

Rate of flow of heat, q=-K·4πr2·dTdr
Here, the negative sign indicates that the temperature decreases with increasing radius.

∫r1r2drr2 = -4πKq∫T1T2dT

-1rr1r2 = -4πKqT2-T11r1-1r2 = 4πK T1-T2q⇒q=4πKT1-T2 r1 r2r2-r1⇒q=4×227×K 50-10 0.2×0.050.2-0.05⇒K=3W/m°C

Question 36:

Figure (28-E11) shows two adiabatic vessels, each containing a mass m of water at different temperatures. The ends of a metal rod of length L, area of cross section A and thermal conductivity K, are inserted in the water as shown in the figure. Find the time taken for the difference between the temperatures in the vessels to become half of the original value. The specific heat capacity of water is s. Neglect the heat capacity of the rod and the container and any loss of heat to the atmosphere.

Figure

Answer:

Rate of transfer of heat from the rod is given as

∆Q∆t=KAT1-T2lIn time t, the temperature difference becomes half.

In time

∆t, the heat transfer from the rod will be given by

∆Q=KA(T1-T2)l∆t …(i)

Heat loss by water at temperature T₁ is equal to the heat gain by water at temperature T₂.

Therefore, heat loss by water at temperature T₁ in time

∆tis given by

∆Q=ms(T1′-T1) …(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),

ms(T1-T1′)=KA(T1-T2)l∆t⇒T1’=T1-KA(T1-T2)l(ms)∆tThis gives us the fall in the temperature of water at temperature T₁.

Similarly, rise in temperature of water at temperature T₂ is given by

T2’=T2+KA(T1-T2)l(ms)∆tChange in the temperature is given by

(T1′-T2′)=(T1-T2)-2KA(T1-T2)l(ms)∆t⇒(T1-T2)-(T1′-T2′)=2KA(T1-T2)l(ms)∆t⇒∆T∆t=2KA(T1-T2)l(ms)Here,

∆T∆tis the rate of change of temperature difference.

Taking limit

∆t→0,

dTdt=2KA(T1-T2)l(ms)⇒dT(T1-T2)=2KAl(ms)dtOn integrating within proper limit, we get

∫(T1-T2)(T1-T2)2dT(T1-T2)=2KAl(ms)∫0tdt⇒ln(T1-T2)2(T1-T2)=2KAl(ms)t⇒ln[2]=2KAl(ms)t⇒t=ln[2]lms2KA

Question 37:

Two bodies of masses m₁ and m₂ and specific heat capacities s₁ and s₂ are connected by a rod of length l, cross-sectional area A, thermal conductivity K and negligible heat capacity. The whole system is thermally insulated. At time t = 0, the temperature of the first body is T₁ and the temperature of the second body is T₂ (T₂ > T₁). Find the temperature difference between the two bodies at time t.

Answer:

Rate of transfer of heat from the rod is given by

∆Q∆t=KAT2-T1lHeat transfer from the rod in time

∆t is given by

∆Q=KA(T2-T1)l∆t …(i)

Heat loss by the body at temperature T₂ is equal to the heat gain by the body at temperature T₁.

Therefore, heat loss by the body at temperature T₂ in time

∆tis given by

∆Q=m2s2(T2′-T2) …(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),

m2s2(T2-T2′)=KA(T2-T1)l∆t⇒T2’=T2-KA(T2-T1)l(m2s2)∆tThis gives us the fall in the temperature of the body at temperature T₂.

Similarly, rise in temperature of water at temperature T₁ is given by

T1’=T1+KA(T2-T1)l(m1s1)∆tChange in the temperature is given by

(T2′-T1′)=(T2-T1)-KA(T2-T1)lm1 s1∆t+KA(T2-T1)lm2 s2∆t⇒(T2′-T1′)-(T2-T1)=-KA(T2-T1)lm1 s1∆t+KA(T2-T1)lm2 s2∆t⇒∆T∆t=-KA(T2-T1)l1m1 s1+1m2 s2∆t⇒1(T2-T1)∆T=-KAlm1 s1+m2 s2m1 s1m2 s2On integrating both the sides, we get

lim∆t→0∫1(T2-T1)dT=∫-KAlm1 s1+m2 s2m1 s1m2 s2dt⇒lnT2-T1=-KAlm1 s1+m2 s2m1 s1m2 s2t⇒(T2-T1)=e-λtHere,

λ=KAlm1 s1+m2 s2m1 s1m2 s2

Question 38:

An amount n (in moles) of a monatomic gas at an initial temperature T₀ is enclosed in a cylindrical vessel fitted with a light piston. The surrounding air has a temperature T_s (> T₀) and the atmospheric pressure is P_α. Heat may be conducted between the surrounding and the gas through the bottom of the cylinder. The bottom has a surface area A, thickness x and thermal conductivity K. Assuming all changes to be slow, find the distance moved by the piston in time t.

Answer:

In time dt, heat transfer through the bottom of the cylinder is given by

dQdt=KATs-T0xFor a monoatomic gas, pressure remains constant.

∴dQ=nCpdTnCpdTdt=KATs-T0xFor a monoatomic gas,

Cp=52R

⇒n5RdT2dt=KATs-T0x

⇒5nR2dTdt=KATs-T0x⇒dTTs-T0=-2KAdt5nRxIntegrating both the sides,

Ts-T0T0T=-2KAt5nRx⇒ln Ts-TTs-T0=–2KAt5nRx⇒Ts-T=Ts-T0e-2KAt5nRx⇒T=Ts-Ts-T0e-2KAt5nRx⇒T-T0=(Ts-T0)-Ts-T0e-2KAt5nRx⇒T-T0=(Ts-T0)[1-e-2KAt5nRx]From the gas equation,

PaAlnR=T-T0∴ PaAlnR=Ts-T0 [1-e-2KAt5nRx]⇒l=nRPaATs-T0 [1-e-2KAt5nRx]

Question 39:

Assume that the total surface area of a human body is 1.6 m² and that it radiates like an ideal radiator. Calculate the amount of energy radiated per second by the body if the body temperature is 37°C. Stefan constant σ is 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴.

Answer:

Given:
Area of the body, A = 1.6 m²
Temperature of the body, T = 310 K
From Stefan-Boltzmann law,

Energy radiatedTime= σAT4Here, A is the area of the body and

σis the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

Energy radiated per second = 1.6 × 6 × 10⁻⁸ × (310)⁴
= 886.58

≈887 J

Question 40:

Calculate the amount of heat radiated per second by a body of surface area 12 cm² kept in thermal equilibrium in a room at temperature 20°C. The emissivity of the surface = 0.80 and σ = 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴.

Answer:

Given:
Area of the body, A = 12 × 10⁻⁴ m²
Temperature of the body, T = (273 + 20) = 293 K
Emissivity, e = 0.80
Rate of emission of heat, R = AeσT⁴
R = 12 × 10⁻⁴ × 0.80 × 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ × (293)⁴
R = 0.42 J (approximately)

Question 41:

A solid aluminium sphere and a solid copper sphere of twice the radius are heated to the same temperature and are allowed to cool under identically surrounding temperatures. Assume that the emissivity of both the spheres in the same. Find the ratio of (a) the rate of heat loss from the aluminium sphere to the rate of heat loss from the copper sphere and (b) the rate of fall of temperature of the aluminium sphere to the rate of fall of temperature of the copper sphere. The specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg⁻¹°C⁻¹ and that of copper = 390 J kg⁻¹°C⁻¹. The density of copper = 3.4 times the density of aluminium.

Answer:

(a) Rate of loss of heat = eAσT⁴

Rate of loss of heatAlRate of loss of heatC=eAl σ·T4×4πr2eC σ T4·4π 2r2 =1 : 4 (as eAl = eC)(b) Relation between the amount of heat loss by both the spheres in a small time

∆t is given by

ΔQ1=4×ΔQ2⇒m1 s1 ΔT1=4m2 s2 ΔT2⇒ΔT1ΔT2=4m2s2m1s1⇒ΔT1ΔT2=4×ρ2×43π(2r)3×s2ρ1×43πr3×s1⇒ΔT1ΔT2=4×3.4ρ1×8×390ρ1×900=47.14:1

Question 42:

A 100 W bulb has tungsten filament of total length 1.0 m and radius 4 × 10⁻⁵ m. The emissivity of the filament is 0.8 and σ = 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻²K⁴. Calculate the temperature of the filament when the bulb is operating at correct wattage.

Answer:

Given:
Power of the bulb, P = 100 W
Length of the filament, l = 1.0 m
Radius of the filament, r = 4 × 10⁻⁵ m

According to Stefan’s law,

Energy radiatedTime=e·AσT4Here, e is the emissivity of the tungsten and σ is Stefan’s constant.

∴ P=e·(πr2)σT4

⇒100=0.8×3.14×4×10-52×6×10-8×T4⇒T=1700 K (approximately)

Question 43:

A spherical ball of surface area 20 cm² absorbs any radiation that falls on it. It is suspended in a closed box maintained at 57°C. (a) Find the amount of radiation falling on the ball per second. (b) Find the net rate of heat flow to or from the ball at an instant when its temperature is 200°C. Stefan constant = 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴.

Answer:

(a)
Area of the ball, A = 20 × 10⁻⁴ m²
Temperature of the ball, T = 57°C = 57 + 273 = 330 K
Amount of heat radiated per second = AσT⁴
= 20 × 10⁻⁴ × 6 × 10⁻⁸ × (330)⁴
= 1.42 J

(b)
Net rate of heat flow from the ball when its temperature is 200

°Cis given by

eAσ T14-T24=20×10-4×6×10-8×1 4734-3304 [∵ e=1]=4.58 W

Question 44:

A spherical tungsten piece of radius 1.0 cm is suspended in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300 K. The piece is maintained at 1000 K by heating it electrically. Find the rate at which the electrical energy must be supplied. The emissivity of tungsten is 0.30 and the Stefan constant σ is 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴.

Answer:

Given:
Radius of the spherical tungsten, r = 10⁻² m
Emissivity of the tungsten, e = 0.3
Stefan’s constant, σ = 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴
Surface area of the spherical tungsten, A = 4

πr²
A = 4

π(10⁻²)²
A = 4

π× 10⁻⁴ m²

Rate at which energy must be supplied is given by

eσAT24-T14= (0.3) × 6 × 10⁻⁸ × 4

π× 10⁻⁴ × ((1000)⁴ − (300)⁴)
= 22.42

≈watt = 22 watt

Question 45:

A cubical block of mass 1.0 kg and edge 5.0 cm is heated to 227°C. It is kept in an evacuated chamber maintained at 27°C. Assuming that the block emits radiation like a blackbody, find the rate at which the temperature of the block will decrease. Specific heat capacity of the material of the block is 400 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹.

Answer:

It is given that a cube behaves like a black body.
∴ Emissivity, e = 1
Stefan’s constant, σ = 6 × 10⁻⁸ W/(m² K⁴)
Surface area of the cube, A = 6 × 25 × 10⁻⁴
Mass of the cube, m = 1 kg
Specific heat capacity of the material of the cube, s = 400 J/(kg-K)
Temperature of the cube, T₁ = 227 + 273 = 500 K
Temperature of the surrounding, T₀ = 27 + 273 = 300 K
Rate of flow of heat is given by

ΔQΔt=eAσT4-T04⇒ms·ΔTΔt=1×6×10-8×6×25×10-4 5004-3004⇒ΔTΔt =36×25×5004-3004×10-12400⇒ΔTΔt =0.12°C/s

Question 46:

A copper sphere is suspended in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300 K. The sphere is maintained at a constant temperature of 500 K by heating it electrically. A total of 210 W of electric power is needed to do it. When the surface of the copper sphere is completely blackened, 700 W is needed to maintain the same temperature of the sphere. Calculate the emissivity of copper.

Answer:

According to Stefan^,s law,

Power = eAσT4-T04Temperature difference = 200 K

Let the emissivity of copper be e.

210 = eAσ(500⁴ − 300⁴) …(1)

When the surface of the copper sphere is completely blackened, 700 W is needed to maintain the temperature of the sphere.
For a black body,
e = 1
700 = 1·Aσ(500⁴ − 300⁴) …(2)
On dividing equation (1) by equation (2) we have,

210700=e1⇒e=0.3

Question 47:

A spherical ball A of surface area 20 cm² is kept at the centre of a hollow spherical shell B of area 80 cm². The surface of A and the inner surface of B emit as blackbodies. Both A and B are at 300 K. (a) How much is the radiation energy emitted per second by the ball A? (b) How much is the radiation energy emitted per second by the inner surface of B? (c) How much of the energy emitted by the inner surface of B falls back on this surface itself?

Answer:

Given:
Surface area of the spherical ball, S_A = 20 cm² = 20

×10

-4 m²
Surface area of the spherical shell, S_B = 80 cm² = 80

×10

-4 m²
Temperature of the spherical ball, T_A = 300 K
Temperature of the spherical shell, T_B = 300 K

Radiation energy emitted per second by the spherical ball A is given by

EA=σSATA4⇒EA=6.0×10-8×20×10-4×3004⇒EA=0.97 JRadiation energy emitted per second by the inner surface of the spherical shell B is given by

EB=σSBTB4⇒EB=6.0×10-8×80×10-4×3004⇒EB=3.76 J ≈3.8 JEnergy emitted by the inner surface of B that falls back on its surface is given by

E=EB-EA=3.76-0.94⇒E=2.82 J

Question 48:

A cylindrical rod of length 50 cm and cross sectional area 1 cm² is fitted between a large ice chamber at 0°C and an evacuated chamber maintained at 27°C as shown in figure (29-E12). Only small portions of the rod are inside the chamber and the rest is thermally insulated from the surrounding. The cross section going into the evacuated chamber is blackened so that it completely absorbs any radiation falling on it. The temperature of the blackened end is 17°C when steady state is reached. Stefan constant σ = 6 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴. Find the thermal conductivity of the material of the rod.

Figure

Answer:

Length, l = 50 cm
Cross sectional area, A =1 cm²
Stefan’s constant, σ = 6 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴
Temperature of the blackened end = 17°C
Temperature of the chamber = 27°C
Temperature of one end of the rod = 0°C

According to Stefan’s law,

ΔQΔt = ε·A σ T24-T14ΔQΔt·A = ε σ T24-T14ΔQΔt·A = 1×6×10-8 3004-2904=6×10.3 … 1 Also, ΔQΔt=K A T1-T2lΔQΔt·A=K×170.5 … 2From 1 and 2,6×10.3 = K×170.5K=1.8 W/°C

Page No 102:

Question 49:

One end of a rod of length 20 cm is inserted in a furnace at 800 K. The sides of the rod are covered with an insulating material and the other end emits radiation like a blackbody. The temperature of this end is 750 K in the steady state. The temperature of the surrounding air is 300 K. Assuming radiation to be the only important mode of energy transfer between the surrounding and the open end of the rod, find the thermal conductivity of the rod. Stefan constant σ = 6.0 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴.

Answer:

Stefan’s constant, σ = 6 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴
l = 0.2 m
T₁ = 300 K
T₂ = 750 K
ΔQΔt = εAσ T24-T14ΔQΔt A = εσ T24-T14 … 1Also, ΔQΔt = K A θ1-θ2l ΔQΔt·A= K 800-7500.2 … 2From 1 and 2,εσT24-T14=K×500.21×6×10-8 7504-3004=K×500.2K=74 w/m °C

Question 50:

A calorimeter of negligible heat capacity contains 100 cc of water at 40°C. The water cools to 35°C in 5 minutes. The water is now replaced by K-oil of equal volume at 40°C. Find the time taken for the temperature to become 35°C under similar conditions. Specific heat capacities of water and K-oil are 4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ and 2100 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ respectively. Density of K-oil = 800 kg m⁻³.

Answer:

Given:
Volume of water, V = 100 cc = 100

×10

-3 m³
Change in the temperature of the liquid, âˆ†θ = 5°C
Time, T = 5 min

For water,

ms∆θt=KAl(T1-T0)

⇒mst=KAl(T1-T0)∆θ⇒Vρst=KAl(T1-T0)∆θ⇒100×10-3×1000×42005=KAl(313-T0)∆θ …(i)For K-oil,

msdt=KAl9(T1-T0)∆θ

⇒mst=KAl(T1-T0)∆θ⇒Vρst=KAl(T1-T0)∆θ⇒100×10-3×800×2100t=KAl(313-T0)∆θ …(ii)From (i) and (ii),

100×10-3×800×2100t=100×10-3×1000×42005⇒t=5×800×21001000×4200=20001000⇒t=2 min

Question 51:

A body cools down from 50°C to 45°C in 5 mintues and to 40°C in another 8 minutes. Find the temperature of the surrounding.

Answer:

Let the temperature of the surroundings be T₀°C.

Case 1:
Initial temperature of the body = 50°C
Final temperature of the body = 45°C
Average temperature = 47.5 °C

Difference in the temperatures of the body and its surrounding = (47.5 − T)°C
Rate of fall of temperature =

∆Tt = 55 = 1°C/minBy Newton’s law of cooling,

dTdt=-K Tavg-T01=-K 47.5-T0 … 1Case 2:
Initial temperature of the body = 45°C
Final temperature of the body = 40°C
Average temperature = 42.5 °C

Difference in the temperatures of the body and its surrounding = (42.5 − T₀)°C
Rate of fall of temperature =

∆Tt = 58 = 58°C/minFrom Newton^,s law of cooling,

dTdt=-K Tavg-T00.625=-K 42.5-T0 … 2Dividing (1) by (2),

10.625 =47.5-T042.5-T0⇒42.5-T0 = 29.68-0.625T⇒T0 = 34°C

Question 52:

A calorimeter contains 50 g of water at 50°C. The temperature falls to 45°C in 10 minutes. When the calorimeter contains 100 g of water at 50°C, it takes 18 minutes for the temperature to become 45°C. Find the water equivalent of the calorimeter.

Answer:

Let water equivalent to calorimeter be w.
Change in temperature = 5°C
Specific heat of water = 4200 J/Kg °C

Rate of flow of heat is given by

q = Energy per unit time =

ms∆TtCase 1:

q1 = w+50×10-3×4200×510Case 2

q2 = w+100×10-3×4200×518From calorimeter theory, these two rates of flow of heat should be equal to each other.

⇒q1 = q2 w+50×10-3×4200×510 = w+100×10-3×4200×518

⇒18 (w + 50 × 10⁻³) = 10 (w + 100 × 10⁻³)

⇒w = 12.5 × 10⁻³ kg

⇒w = 12.5 g

Question 53:

A metal ball of mass 1 kg is heated by means of a 20 W heater in a room at 20°C. The temperature of the ball becomes steady at 50°C. (a) Find the rate of loss of heat to the surrounding when the ball is at 50°C. (b) Assuming Newton’s law of cooling, calculate the rate of loss of heat to the surrounding when the ball rises 30°C. (c) Assume that the temperature of the ball rises uniformly from 20°C to 30°C in 5 minutes. Find the total loss of heat to the surrounding during this period. (d) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal.

Answer:

In steady state, the body has reached equilibrium. So, no more heat will be exchanged between the body and the surrounding.

This implies that at steady state,
Rate of loss of heat = Rate at which heat is supplied

Given:
Mass, m = 1 kg
Power of the heater = 20 W
Room temperature = 20°C

(a)At steady state,
Rate of loss of heat = Rate at which heat is supplied
And, rate of loss/gain of heat = Power

∴ dQdt = P = 20 W(b) By Newton’s law of cooling, rate of cooling is directly proportional to the difference in temperature.
So, when the body is in steady state, then its rate of cooling is given as

dQdt = K T-T020 = K 50-20⇒ K=23When the temperature of the body is 30°C, then its rate of cooling is given as

dQdt = K T-T0=2330-20=203WThe initial rate of cooling when the body^,s temperature is 20°C is given as

dQdt20=0∴ dQdt30=203 dQdtavg=103t = 5 min = 300 s
Heat liberated

=103×300=1000 JNet heat absorbed = Heat supplied − Heat Radiated
= 6000 − 1000 = 5000 J
(d) Net heat absorbed is used for raising the temperature of the body by 10°C.
∴ m S âˆ†T = 5000

S=5000m×∆T=50001×10=500 J Kg-1C-1

Question 54:

A metal block of heat capacity 80 J°C⁻¹ placed in a room at 20°C is heated electrically. The heater is switched off when the temperature reaches 30°C. The temperature of the block rises at the rate of 2°C s⁻¹ just after the heater is switched on and falls at the rte of 0.2 °C s⁻¹ just after the heater is switched off. Assume Newton’s law of cooling to hold. (a) Find the power of the heater. (b) Find the power radiated by the block just after the heater is switched off. (c) Find the power radiated by the block when the temperature of the block is 25°C. (d) Assuming that the power radiated at 25°C represents the average value in the heating process, find the time for which the heater was kept on.

Answer:

Given:
Heat capacity of the metal block, s = 80 J°C⁻¹
Heat absorb by the metal block is,

H=s×∆T=80×(30-10)=800 J Rate of rise in temperature of the block=dθdt = 2°C/sRate of fall in temperature of the block=dθdt = -0.2°C/sThe negative sign indicates that the temperature is falling with time.

(a) Energy = s (

∆θ)
Power = Energy per unit time

∴ Power of the heater

=Heat capacity×dθdt P = 80 × 2
P = 160 W

(b) Power Radiated = Energy lost per unit time.

∴ P’ = Heat capacity×dθdtHere,

dθdtrepresents the rate of decrease in temperature.
P‘ = 80 × 0.2
P‘ = 16 W

∴ s×dθdtdec=K θ-θ0⇒ 16 = K (30 − 20)
K = 1.6

From newton’s law of cooling,

∴sdθdt = K θ-θ0⇒sdθdt=1.6 30-25⇒sdθdt=1.6×5⇒sdθdt=8 Watt

Question 55:

A hot body placed in a surrounding of temperature θ₀ obeys Newton’s law of cooling

dθdt=-kθ-θ0. Its temperature at t = 0 is θ₁. The specific heat capacity of the body is s and its mass is m. Find (a) the maximum heat that the body can lose and (b) the time starting from t = 0 in which it will lose 90% of this maximum heat.

Answer:

According to Newton’s law of cooling,

dθdt=-kθ-θ0(a) Maximum heat that the body can lose, âˆ†Q_m_ax = ms (θ₁ − θ₀)

(b) If the body loses 90% of the maximum heat, then the fall in temperature will be θ_.

∆Qmax×90100=ms(θ1-θ)⇒ms(θ1-θ0)×910=ms(θ1-θ)⇒θ=θ1-(θ1-θ0)×910⇒θ=θ1-9θ010 …(i)From Newton’s law of cooling,

dθdt=-kθ1-θIntegrating this equation within the proper limit, we get
At time t = 0,
θ = θ₁
At time t,
θ = θ

∫θ1θdθθ1-θ=-k∫0t dt⇒ln(θ1-θθ1-θ0)=-kt ⇒θ1-θ=θ1-θ0e-kt …iiFrom (i) and (ii),

θ1-9θ010-θ0=θ1-θ0 e-kt⇒t=ln (10k)

Chapterwise HC Verma Solutions Class 12 Physics :

About the Author – HC Verma

HC Verma, the author of many popular and well-renowned Physics books, was born on 8 April 1952. Passing out from one of the most prestigious colleges of the country, IIT Kanpur, he worked as an experimental physicist in the Department of Nuclear Physics.

His most famous works which he is known for include the two-volume Concepts of Physics. He also worked for the social upliftment of the economically weaker children through his organization named Shiksha Sopan. He is also the recipient of the Padma Shri, which is considered India’s fourth-highest civilian award. He received the same because of his contribution and valuable work in the field of Physics.