{"id":557285,"date":"2021-11-20T10:58:22","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T10:58:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/?p=557285"},"modified":"2021-11-24T10:00:02","modified_gmt":"2021-11-24T10:00:02","slug":"maharashtra-board-solutions-class-12-psychology-chapter-4-cognitive-processes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/maharashtra-board-solutions-class-12-psychology-chapter-4-cognitive-processes\/","title":{"rendered":"Maharashtra Board Solutions Class 12-Psychology: Chapter 4- Cognitive Processes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Class 12: Psychology Chapter 4 solutions. Complete Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 Notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maharashtra Board Solutions Class 12-Psychology: Chapter 4- Cognitive Processes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Maharashtra Board 12th Psychology Chapter 4, Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 1.
When we select few stimuli from the environment and bring them into the center of our awareness, it is called \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/strong>
(a) attention
(b) perception
(c) thinking
Answer:
<\/strong>(a) attention<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 2.
Ivan Pavlov is known for explaining learning by \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/strong>
(a) classical conditioning
(b) operant conditioning
(c) observation
Answer:
<\/strong>(a) classical conditioning<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 3.
When we organise the information from the environment, group them and give some meaning, that process is called \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/strong>
(a) attention
(b) perception
(c) thinking
Answer:
<\/strong>(b) perception<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 4.
In operant conditioning the experiment was conducted on \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/strong>
(a) dog
(b) rat
(c) monkey
Answer:
<\/strong>(b) rat<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 5.
The change in behaviour due to practice or experience is known as \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/strong>
(a) perception
(b) thinking
(c) learning
Answer:
<\/strong>(c) learning<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Answer the following questions in 35 \u2013 40 words each.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 1.
What is fluctuation of attention?
Answer:<\/strong>
Attention is the mental process of bringing few stimuli into the centre of awareness out of the many stimuli present. It is difficult to attend to a single stimulus for a long period of time. Our attention shifts from the original stimulus to another stimulus for a fraction of time and then comes back to the original stimulus. This may be due to factors like fatigue, decreased interest, etc. In most cases, attention fluctuates due to the limitations of human attention and hence cannot be totally eliminated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 2.
Give three examples of top-down processing in perception.
Answer:<\/strong>
Perception is defined as the process of assigning meaning to information received about the environment based on the past experiences. We make use of both top-down processing and bottom- up processing while perceiving a stimulus. When we utilize top-down processing, our ability to understand information is influenced by the context in which it appears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some examples of top-down processes in perception are-
(a) Mr. Kumar lives in Flat A not in Flat <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n


The circled item will be perceived as the letter B as the brain has used the context of the sentence.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Maharashtra<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(b) If you are asked to identify (a) the rat (b) the man, your perception will be likewise.
(c) the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef but the wrod as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most of you would be able to correctly read the above sentence as \u201cThe human mind does not read every letter by itself but the word as a whole\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Question 3.
What is meant by thinking?
Answer:<\/strong>
Thinking is the mental activity that uses various cognitive elements and processes that involves the manipulation of information.
The core elements of thinking are-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Mental representation \u2013 It is a coded internal sensation acquired by direct experiences through the sense organs or by indirect experiences such as narrations, pictures, etc.<\/li>
  2. Concepts \u2013 They form the basis for all cognitive processes, acting as building blocks by connecting with each other to form more complex concepts.<\/li>
  3. Schema \u2013 It is an internal representation that organizes knowledge about related concepts and relationships among them.<\/li>
  4. Language \u2013 Mental representations, concept and schema are represented by language, for e.g., the word \u2018cat\u2019 is a symbol for a \u2018cat\u2019.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Question 4.
    Describe any two processes of learning.
    Answer:<\/strong>
    Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs due to experience or practice. The characteristics of learning are : (i) It involves some relatively permanent change in behaviour, (ii) The change in behaviour is due to experience or practice, (iii) Change in behaviour may be in knowledge or in skill or in muscular movements, (iv) Learning is an inferred process. The main processes of learning are:
    (i) Learning by classical conditioning \u2013 It was first explained by Ivan Pavlov. It is learning by forming associations and stimulus substitution. In daily life, we learn many things by classical conditioning for e.g. a child is given an injection by the doctor and begins to cry in pain. He soon makes the connection between \u2018doctor\u2019, \u2018injection\u2019 and \u2018pain\u2019 and begins crying as soon as he is taken to a doctor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (ii) Learning by operant conditioning \u2013 Learning by operant conditioning was first explained by B. F. Skinner. He said that learning takes place to gain positive consequences or to avoid negative consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Classify the following into Mental Representation, Concepts and Schemata.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (1) Image of your mother in your mind
    (2) Building
    (3) Tree
    (4) School
    (5) Theater
    (6) Table
    (7) Neil Armstrong
    Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mental Representation<\/td>Concepts<\/td>Schemata<\/td><\/tr>
    Image of your mother in your mind<\/td>Building<\/td>School<\/td><\/tr>
    Neil Armstrong<\/td>Tree<\/td>Theatre<\/td><\/tr>
    <\/td>Table<\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    4. Find the odd one out.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 1.
    Schema, Perception, Attention, Thinking
    Answer:<\/strong>
    Schema<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 2.
    Searching solution, Defining problem, Incubation, Implementation of the solution
    Answer:<\/strong>
    Incubation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 3.
    Reasoning, Judgement, Decision making, Relaxing
    Answer:<\/strong>
    Relaxing<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 4.
    Concept, Schema, Solution, Mental Representation
    Answer:<\/strong>
    Solution<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Identify if the following behaviours are due to learning or not. Give reasons for your answers.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 1.
    After much hard work you are able to perform a dance step properly.
    Answer:<\/strong>
    It is due to learning as it involves a relatively permanent behavioural change due to practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 2.
    In spite of getting hurt, Shayana, a five year old child, continues to play with knife.
    Answer:<\/strong>
    It is not learning as in spite of an unpleasant experience, there is no change in behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 3.
    Once Hanif had to pay fine for breaking the signal while driving a car. Now he makes sure to stop the car at red signal.
    Answer:<\/strong>
    It is due to learning as Hanif has made an association between breaking the signal and paying a fine, i.e., negative consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 1.
    Explain the stages of problem solving.
    Points:<\/strong>
    (i) Defining problem
    (ii) Generating alternative solutions
    (iii) Selecting a solution
    (iv) Implementing and taking follow up of the solution.
    Answer:
    <\/strong>Problem solving is a type of thinking. It refers to the process of finding appropriate solutions to problems encountered in life. The main steps in problem solving are:
    (i) Defining the problem \u2013 We need to identify and define the problem correctly. Otherwise, it will be difficult to reach a solution, for e.g., when a baby cries due to colic\/stomach ache and if the mother interprets it as due to hungry, the problem will remain unresolved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (ii) Generation alternative solutions \u2013 The person searches for possible solutions to the problem. Some solutions may be effective while other solutions have to be discarded, for e.g., Sunil finds maths difficult. He may think of solving more sums or of taking tuitions or of dropping the subject, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (iii) Selecting a solution \u2013 The person selects what he considers the most effective solution, based on reasoning. This helps to resolve the problem in a realistic manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (iv) Implementing the solution and follow up on the solution \u2013 The person tries out the selected solution and evaluates the outcome i.e. whether it has helped to solve the problems. If the problem remains unresolved, the person may need to carry out the problem \u2013 solving procedure all over again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Question 2.
    Explain the stages of creative thinking.
    Points:<\/strong>
    (i) Preparation
    (ii) Incubation
    (iii) Illumination
    (iv) Verification
    Answer:
    <\/strong>Creative thinking is characterised by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, etc. It is a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh\/novel perspective. In involves divergent thinking that focuses on exploration of ideas and generating many possibilities. It is referred to as \u201cthinking outside of the box.\u201d Researchers, poets, designers, film makers always think in a creative way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The four stages in creative thinking are-
    <\/strong>(i) Preparation \u2013 This involves formulating the problem and gathering information about it. Many tentative solutions are tried out and discarded. No progress seems to be made by the person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (ii) Incubation \u2013 If the person does not get the required results, he\/she may focus on things unrelated to that problem. The period helps to work out the problem without consciously thinking about it. Incubation period appears to be non-fruitful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (iii) Illumination \u2013 After incubation, suddenly the correct solution appears to the person, due to which he\/she experiences excitement. It seems that a solution has fallen into place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (iv) Verification \u2013 The new solution may need to be evaluated a number of times. In most cases, minor changes will be required but sometimes it may demand a major overhaul of the entire process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    For e.g., A teacher asks the students to think of unusual uses for a bottle.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n