NCERT 9th Science Chapter 10, class 9 Science Chapter 10 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Page No: 134<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. State the universal law of gravitation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The universal law of gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force called the gravitational force. The force acting between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Masses of two objects of = m1<\/sub>and m2<\/sub> 2. Write the formula to find the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and an object on the surface of the earth.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mass of the Earth = ME<\/sub> Page No: 136<\/p>\n\n\n\n NCERT 9th Science Chapter 10, class 9 Science Chapter 10 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. What do you mean by free fall?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gravity of earth attracts every object towards its center. When an object is dropped from a certain height , it begins to fall towards Earth\u2019s surface under the influence of gravitational force. Such a motion of object is called free fall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. What do you mean by acceleration due to gravity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n When an object falls freely towards the surface of earth from a certain height, then its velocity changes. This change in velocity produces acceleration in the object which is known as acceleration due to gravity denoted bu letter g<\/em> . The value of acceleration due to gravity is g= 9.8 m\/s2<\/sup><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Page No: 138<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1\/6th its weight on the earth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The mass of moon is 1\/100 times and its radius 1\/4 times that of earth. As a result, the gravitional attraction on the moon is about one sixth when compared to earth. Hence, the the weight of an object on the moon 1\/6th its weight on the earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Page No: 141<\/p>\n\n\n\n NCERT 9th Science Chapter 10, class 9 Science Chapter 10 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of a thin and strong string?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n It is difficult to hold a school bag having a thin strap because the pressure on the shoulders is quite large. This is because the pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area on which the force acts. The smaller is the surface area; the larger will be the pressure on the surface. In the case of a thin strap, the contact surface area is very small. Hence, the pressure exerted on the shoulder is very large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. What do you mean by buoyancy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The upward force exerted by a liquid on an object that is immersed in it is known as buoyancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Why does an object float or sink when placed on the surface of water?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2192 An object sink in water if its density is greater than that of water. Page No: 142<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. You find your mass to be 42 kg on a weighing machine. Is your mass more or less than 42 kg?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n When we weigh our body, an upward force acts on it. This upward force is the buoyant force. As a result, the body gets pushed slightly upwards, causing the weighing machine to show a reading less than the actual value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass of 100 kg when measured on a weighing machine. In reality, one is heavier than other. Can you say which one is heavier and why?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The cotton bag is heavier than the iron bar. The cotton bag experiences larger up thrust of air than the iron bar. So, the weighing machine indicates a smaller mass for cotton bag than its actual mass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Page No: 143<\/p>\n\n\n\n NCERT 9th Science Chapter 10, class 9 Science Chapter 10 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n Excercises<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. How does the force of gravitation between two objects change when the distance between them is reduced to half?<\/strong> According to Universal Law of gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction between any two objects of mass M<\/em> and m<\/em> is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance r between them Hence, if the distance is reduced to half, then the gravitational force becomes four times larger than the previous value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their masses. Why then, a heavy object does not fall faster than a light object?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n All objects fall on ground with constant acceleration, called acceleration due to gravity (in the absence of air resistances). It is constant and does not depend upon the mass of an object. Hence, heavy objects do not fall faster than light objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and a 1 kg object on its surface? (Mass of the earth is 6 \u00d7 1024 <\/sup>kg and radius of the earth is 6.4 \u00d7 106<\/sup> m).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Given that, 4. The earth and the moon are attracted to each other by gravitational force. Does the earth attract the moon with a force that is greater or smaller or the same as the force with which the moon attracts the earth? Why?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the universal law of gravitation, two objects attract each other with equal force, but in opposite directions. The Earth attracts the moon with an equal force with which the moon attracts the earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move towards the moon?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The Earth and the moon experience equal gravitational forces from each other. However, the mass of the Earth is much larger than the mass of the moon. Hence, it accelerates at a rate lesser than the acceleration rate of the moon towards the Earth. For this reason, the Earth does not move towards the moon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Page No: 144<\/p>\n\n\n\n NCERT 9th Science Chapter 10, class 9 Science Chapter 10 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. What happens to the force between two objects, if<\/strong> Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n From Universal law of gravitation, force exerted on an object of mass m<\/em> by earth is given by<\/p>\n\n\n\n So as the mass of any one of the object is doubled the force is also doubled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n (ii) The force F is inversely proportional to the distance between the objects. So if the distance between two objects is doubled then the gravitational force of attraction between them is reduced to one fourth(1\/4) of its original value. (iii) Force F is directly proportional to the product of both the masses. So, if both the masses are doubled then the gravitational force of attraction becomes four times the original value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. What is the importance of universal law of gravitation?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Universal law of Gravitation is important because it it tells us about: 8. What is the acceleration of free fall?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Acceleration of free fall is the acceleration produced when a body falls under the influence of the force of gravitation of the earth alone. It is denoted by g<\/em> and its value on the surface of the earth is 9.8 ms-2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 9. What do we call the gravitational force between the Earth and an object?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gravitational force between the earth and an object is known as the weight of the object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 10. Amit buys few grams of gold at the poles as per the instruction of one of his friends. He hands over the same when he meets him at the equator. Will the friend agree with the weight of gold bought? If not, why? [Hint: The value of gis greater at the poles than at the equator].<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Weight of a body on the Earth is given by: 11. Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that is crumpled into a ball?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n When a sheet of paper is crumbled into a ball, then its density increases. Hence, resistance to its motion through the air decreases and it falls faster than the sheet of paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 12. Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only 1\/6 as strong as gravitational force on the Earth. What is the weight in newtons of a 10 kg object on the moon and on the Earth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Weight of an object on the moon = 1\/6 \u00d7Weight of an object on the Earth 13. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49 m\/s. Calculate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n (i)<\/strong> the maximum height to which it rises. Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the equation of motion under gravity: Let t be the time taken by the ball to reach the height 122.5 m, then according to the equation of motion: 14. A stone is released from the top of a tower of height 19.6 m. Calculate its final velocity just before touching the ground.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the equation of motion under gravity: NCERT 9th Science Chapter 10, class 9 Science Chapter 10 solutions<\/p>\n\n\n\n 15. A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 40 m\/s. Taking g = 10 m\/s2<\/sup>, find the maximum height reached by the stone. What is the net displacement and the total distance covered by the stone?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the equation of motion under gravity: Therefore, total distance covered by the stone during its upward and downward journey = 80 + 80 = 160 m 16. Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the Sun, given that the mass of the earth = 6 \u00d7 1024<\/sup> kg and of the Sun = 2 \u00d7 1030<\/sup> kg. The average distance between the two is 1.5 \u00d7 1011<\/sup> m.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to question, 17. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high and at the same time another stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 25 m\/s. Calculate when and where the two stones will meet.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Let t<\/em> be the point at which two stones meet and let h<\/em> be their height from the ground. It is clear from the question that we need to calculate time when the two stones met. After calculating time, we will also be able to calculate the distance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Now, first consider the stone which falls from the top of the tower. Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Distance between the two objects = d
Force of attraction acting between them = F
It will be given by the universal law of gravitation.
F = Gm1<\/sub>m2<\/sub>\/d2<\/sup>
where, G is the universal constant.
G = 6.67\u00d710-11<\/sup> Nm2<\/sup>kg-2<\/sup>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mass of an object on its surface = m.
Radius of the Earth = R
According to the universal law of gravitation, the gravitational force (F) acting between the Earth and the object is given by the relation:
F = Gm1<\/sub>m2<\/sub>\/r2<\/sup>
Thus, the formula will be, F = GME<\/sub>m\/R2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\nMass<\/strong><\/td> Weight<\/strong><\/td><\/tr> Mass is the quantity of matter contained in the body.<\/td> Weight is the force of gravity acting on the body.<\/td><\/tr> It is the measure of inertia of the body.<\/td> It is the measure of gravity.<\/td><\/tr> Mass is a constant quantity.<\/td> Weight is not a constant quantity. It is different at different places.<\/td><\/tr> It only has magnitude.<\/td> It has magnitude as well as direction.<\/td><\/tr> Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).<\/td> Its SI unit is the same as the SI unit of force, i.e., Newton (N).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\u2192 An object floats in water if its density is less than that of water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
So, force F<\/em> is given by<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/class9-science-chapter10-ncert-solutions-gravitation-1.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Mass of the body, m<\/em>= 1 kg
Mass of the Earth, M<\/em>= 6\u00d71024<\/sup> kg
Radius of the earth, R<\/em>= 6.4\u00d7106<\/sup> m
Now, magnitude of the gravitational force (F) between the earth and the body can be calculated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/class9-science-chapter10-ncert-solutions-gravitation-2.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
(i)<\/strong> the mass of one object is doubled?
(ii)<\/strong> the distance between the objects is doubled and tripled?
(iii)<\/strong> the masses of both objects are doubled?<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/class9-science-chapter10-ncert-solutions-gravitation-3.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Similarly, if the distance between two objects is tripled, then the gravitational force of attraction becomes one ninth(1\/9) of its original value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2192 the force that is responsible for binding us to Earth.
\u2192 the motion of moon around the earth
\u2192 the motion of planets around the sun
\u2192 the tides formed by rising and falling of water level in the ocean are due to the gravitational force exerted by both sun and moon on the earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
W <\/em>= mg<\/em>
Where,
m <\/em>= Mass of the body
g <\/em>= Acceleration due to gravity
The value of gis greater at poles than at the equator. Therefore, gold at the equator weighs less than at the poles. Hence, Amit’s friend will not agree with the weight of the gold bought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Also,
Weight = Mass \u00d7 Acceleration
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m\/s2<\/sup>
Therefore, weight of a 10 kg object on the Earth = 10 \u00d7 9.8 = 98 N
And, weight of the same object on the moon= 1.6 \u00d7 9.8 = 16.3 N.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(ii) <\/strong>the total time it takes to return to the surface of the earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
v<\/em>2<\/sup> – u<\/em>2<\/sup> = 2gs
Where,
u <\/em>= Initial velocity of the ball
v <\/em>= Final velocity of the ball
s <\/em>= Height achieved by the ball
g <\/em>= Acceleration due to gravity
At maximum height, final velocity of the ball is zero, i.e., v<\/em>= 0
u <\/em>= 49 m\/s
During upward motion, g <\/em>= -9.8 m s-2<\/sup>
Let h be the maximum height attained by the ball.
Hence,
0 – 492 <\/sup>= 2\u00d79.8\u00d7h
\u21d2 h = 492<\/sup>\/(2\u00d79.8)
\u21d2 h = 2401\/19.6 = 122.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n
v <\/em>= u<\/em> + gt<\/em>
We get,
0 = 49 + t x (- 9.8)
9.8t = 49
t = 49 \/ 9.8 = 5s
Also,
Time of ascent = Time of descent
Therefore, total time taken by the ball to return = 5 + 5 = 10 s<\/p>\n\n\n\n
v<\/em>2<\/sup> \u2212 u<\/em>2<\/sup> = 2 gs<\/em>
Where,
u<\/em> = Initial velocity of the stone = 0
v<\/em> = Final velocity of the stone
s<\/em> = Height of the stone = 19.6 m
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m s-2<\/sup>
\u2234 v<\/em>2<\/sup> \u2212 02<\/sup> = 2 \u00d7 9.8 \u00d7 19.6
v<\/em>2<\/sup> = 2 \u00d7 9.8 \u00d7 19.6 = (19.6)2<\/sup>
v<\/em> = 19.6 m s-1<\/sup>
Hence, the velocity of the stone just before touching the ground is 19.6 m s-1<\/sup>.<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n
v<\/em>2<\/sup> \u2212 u<\/em>2<\/sup> = 2 gs<\/em>
Where,
u<\/em> = Initial velocity of the stone = 40 m\/s
v<\/em> = Final velocity of the stone = 0
s<\/em> = Height of the stone
g = Acceleration due to gravity = \u221210 m s\u22122<\/sup>
Let h<\/em> be the maximum height attained by the stone.
Therefore,
0 – (40)2 = 2\u00d7h\u00d7(-10)
h = (40\u00d740)\/20 = 80 m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Net displacement of the stone during its upward and downward journey
= 80 + (\u221280) = 0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M<\/em>S<\/sub> = Mass of the Sun = 2\u00d71030<\/sup> kg
M<\/em>E<\/sub> = Mass of the Earth = 6\u00d71024<\/sup> kg
R<\/em> = Average distance between the Earth and the Sun = 1.5\u00d71011<\/sup> m
From Universal law of gravitation,<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/class9-science-chapter10-ncert-solutions-gravitation-4.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Height of the tower is H = 100 m (Given)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Initial velocity (u) = 0
So, distance covered by this stone at time t can be calculated using equation of motion<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/www.indcareer.com\/schools\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/equation-8-gravitation.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
18. A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 6 s. Find<\/strong>
(a)<\/strong> the velocity with which it was thrown up,
(b)<\/strong> the maximum height it reaches, and
(c)<\/strong> its position after 4 s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n